815 ειδικοί στις ΗΠΑ προτείνουν για τον COVID-19

815 ειδικοί στις ΗΠΑ προτείνουν για τον COVID-19

Για μια δίκαιη και αποτελεσματική αντιμετώπιση της COVID-19: Ανοιχτή επιστολή στον αντιπρόεδρο Μαικ Πενς, και άλλους Ομοσπονδιακούς, Πολιτειακούς και Τοπικούς αρχηγούς από ειδικούς της Δημόσιας Υγείας και νομικούς στις ΗΠΑ

Απόδοση στα Ελληνικά: Ελίζα Κριμιτζά

Επιμέλεια: Πουλίκος Πουλικάκος

Η συνεχιζόμενη μετάδοση από άνθρωπο σε άνθρωπο του νέου κορωνοϊού στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες (ΗΠΑ) φαίνεται σήμερα αναπόφευκτη. Η έκταση και οι επιπτώσεις της έξαρσης της επιδημίας στις ΗΠΑ είναι δύσκολο να προβλεφθούν και θα εξαρτηθούν σημαντικά από το πώς θα αντιδράσουν οι ηγέτες και όσοι εμπλακούν στο σχεδιασμό της αντιμετώπισης. Θα εξαρτηθεί ιδιαίτερα από το αν υπάρχει επαρκής χρηματοδότηση και υποστήριξη για την αντιμετώπιση: δίκαιη και αποτελεσματική διαχείριση των υπεραυξημένων αναγκών του συστήματος υγείας, προσεκτικός και βάσει επιστημονικών δεδομένων περιορισμός του δημόσιου φόβου, και απαραίτητη υποστήριξη και πόροι για σωστό και αποτελεσματικό έλεγχο της λοίμωξης.

Μια επιτυχημένη αμερικανική απάντηση στην πανδημία COVID-19 απαιτείται να προστατεύει την υγεία και τα ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα όλων στις ΗΠΑ. Μια από τις μεγαλύτερες προκλήσεις είναι να διασφαλιστεί ότι τα βάρη της COVID-19 -και τα μέτρα μας για την αντιμετώπισή της – δε θα επιβαρύνουν άδικα τα μέλη της κοινωνίας που είναι περισσότερο ευάλωτα λόγω της οικονομικής και κοινωνικής τους θέσης, ή της κατάστασης της υγείας τους.

Γράφουμε ως ειδικοί στα θέματα της δημόσιας υγείας, του δικαίου και των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων, με εμπειρία στη διαχείριση προηγούμενων πανδημιών, ώστε να περιγράψουμε αρχές και πρακτικές οι οποίες θα έπρεπε να καθοδηγούν τις προσπάθειες ενάντια στην COVID-19 στις ΗΠΑ. Κρίνεται ζωτικής σημασίας όλοι οι φορείς, δημόσιοι και ιδιωτικοί, να δώσουν απαντήσεις στα παρακάτω κρίσιμα ζητήματα μέσω νέων ρυθμίσεων από νομοθετικά σώματα και επιμέρους ιδρύματα, ηγετικών πρωτοβουλιών και πρόσθετων δαπανών.

ΕΞΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΗ ΕΠΑΡΚΟΥΣ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΟΔΟΤΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΥΠΟΣΤΗΡΙΞΗΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΠΙΔΗΜΙΑΣ

• Ομοσπονδιακές, πολιτειακές και τοπικές διοικήσεις οφείλουν να δράσουν άμεσα ώστε να διανείμουν κονδύλια που θα διασφαλίζουν τη λήψη όλων των αναγκαίων μέτρων και την ικανοποίηση των βασικών ανθρώπινων αναγκών κατά την εξέλιξη της επιδημίας. Ο περιορισμός των επιπτώσεων της COVID-19 θα είναι κοστοβόρος. Άνιση κατανομή πόρων θα θέσει σε κίνδυνο συλλογικές προσπάθειες ελέγχου και θα οδηγήσει σε περιττή ταλαιπωρία και θάνατο. Πρέπει να φτιαχτεί από το Κογκρέσο και να υπογραφεί από τον Πρόεδρο μια έκτακτη δαπάνη για τον έλεγχο της επιδημίας, με ταχεία εκταμίευση των χρημάτων προς πολιτειακούς και τοπικούς διαχειριστές που βρίσκονται στην πρώτη γραμμή της αντιμετώπισης. Επιπλέον, αυτά πρέπει να είναι νέα κονδύλια που δεν θα αφαιρεθούν από τα υπάρχοντα προγράμματα υγείας, ασφαλίσεων και κοινωνικών υπηρεσιών, τα οποία είναι ζωτικής σημασίας για την προστασία της δημόσιας υγείας μακροπρόθεσμα.

• Η ομοσπονδιακή κυβέρνηση και οι ομοσπονδιακές, τοπικές και πολιτειακές υπηρεσίες οφείλουν να διασφαλίσουν ότι οι κυβερνητικές δραστηριότητες κατά τη διάρκεια της επιδημίας θα συνεχίσουν να παρέχουν δημόσιες υπηρεσίες σε όσους τις έχουν ανάγκη. Η κυβέρνηση οφείλει να έχει ένα καλά συγκροτημένο σχέδιο ώστε οι επιχειρήσεις της να συνεχίσουν να λειτουργούν σε περίπτωση έλλειψης προσωπικού. Πρέπει να δοθεί προτεραιότητα στις ζωτικής σημασίας υπηρεσίες και υποστήριξη στο κοινό, να διασφαλιστεί, για παράδειγμα, ότι οι υπηρεσίες πρόνοιας και τα βοηθήματα για βετεράνους και άλλους δε θα διακοπούν.

ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΥΠΕΡΑΥΞΗΜΕΝΩΝ ΑΝΑΓΚΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΣΘΕΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΥΓΕΙΟΝΟΜΙΚΟΥ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΟΥ

• Το σύστημα υγείας μας θα αντιμετωπίσει σοβαρή επιβάρυνση, σε οποιοδήποτε πιθανό σενάριο. Τα νοσοκομεία πρέπει να λάβουν απευθείας χρηματοδότηση και επαρκείς πόρους για βελτίωση και αύξηση της χωρητικότητας, ώστε να διαχειριστούν την πρώτη γραμμή της απάντησης. Ιδιαίτερη προσοχή και χρηματοδότηση πρέπει επίσης να δοθεί στις δομές πρωτοβάθμιας υγείας και στα τοπικά κέντρα υγείας, ιδίως σε εκείνα που είναι και σήμερα υποχρηματοδοτούμενα, ακόμα και κάτω από φυσιολογικές περιστάσεις. Αυτοί οι πρώτης γραμμής χώροι παροχής υπηρεσιών υγείας πρέπει να λειτουργήσουν σαν εμπροσθοφυλακή ώστε να αποφευχθεί η υπερφόρτωση των τριτοβάθμιων νοσοκομείων και άλλων δομών αντιμετώπισης οξέων περιστατικών και πρέπει να υποστηριχθούν ώστε να μπορέσουν να εκπληρώσουν αυτό τον κρίσιμο ρόλο.

• Οι υγειονομικοί υπάλληλοι και το δυναμικό παροχής πρώτων βοηθειών θα έχουν κρίσιμο ρόλο στην απάντηση. Πρέπει να διασφαλίσουμε την ασφάλειά τους και να τους παρέχουμε σωστές εργασιακές συνθήκες. Οι υγειονομικοί υπάλληλοι πρέπει, για παράδειγμα,, να έχουν επαρκή προστατευτικό εξοπλισμό, να δικαιούνται λογικό χρόνο ανάπαυλας και να προστατεύονται από διακρίσεις που θα προκύψουν λόγω της επαφής τους με τα άτομα που νοσούν.

• Οι δομές υγείας πρέπει να είναι χώροι ασφαλείς από την επιβολή μεταναστευτικών πολιτικών, έτσι ώστε το αν είναι κάποιος μετανάστης να μην τον εμποδίζει να αναζητήσει περίθαλψη, ανεξάρτητα από το αν έχει χαρτιά. Η αντιμετώπιση της COVID-19 δεν πρέπει να συνδεθεί κατά κανέναν τρόπο με την επιβολή μεταναστευτικής πολιτικής. Θα υπονομευτούν τόσο η ατομική όσο και συλλογική υγεία, αν κάθε άτομο δε νιώθει ασφαλές να χρησιμοποιήσει υπηρεσίες περίθαλψης και να ανταποκριθεί στις έρευνες των στελεχών υπηρεσιών υγείας, όπως για παράδειγμα κατά τη διάρκεια ανίχνευσης επαφών. Αντίστοιχες ελεύθερες ζώνες από την επιβολή του νόμου έχουν ανακηρυχθεί κατά τη διάρκεια τυφώνων και άλλων καταστάσεων έκτακτης ανάγκης, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των τρομοκρατικών χτυπημάτων της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου. Αυτοί οι κανονισμοί πρέπει να εκφραστούν με σαφή και αναντίρρητο τρόπο στο κοινό από τις ομοσπονδιακές, πολιτειακές και τοπικές αρχές.

• Όσοι ασχοληθούν με τον σχεδιασμό μέτρων, θα πρέπει να συνεργαστούν απευθείας με τις ασφαλιστικές εταιρείες ώστε να επιτραπεί σε όλους τους ανασφάλιστους να ακολουθήσουν πιστά τις συστάσεις δημόσιας υγείας. Θα είναι καίριας σημασίας η χάραξη της πολιτικής να διασφαλίσει ευρεία και οικονομικά ανεκτή πρόσβαση στους ελέγχους (tests), που θα συμπεριλαμβάνει και τους ανασφάλιστους. Οι προσπάθειες ελέγχου θα είναι λιγότερο αποδοτικές αν κάποιοι αδυνατούν να αναζητήσουν σωστή διάγνωση ή περίθαλψη λόγω υπέρογκου κόστους ή συμμετοχής. Οι εκτός δικτύου ή άλλες ασφαλιστικές παροχές δεν μπορεί να επιτραπεί να διαταράξουν την τοπική διαλογή και το σχεδιασμό κατανομής ασθενών.

• Αν αναπτυχθούν θεραπείες ή εμβόλια, πρέπει κατοχυρωθεί νομικά ότι θα είναι οικονομικά και προσβάσιμα σε όλους.

• Άνθρωποι που ενοικούν σε κλειστά οικοδομικά τετράγωνα είναι ιδιαίτερα ευπαθείς στην COVID-19 και θα χρειαστούν ιδιαίτερη προσοχή, τόσο για να ελαχιστοποιηθεί η μεταδοτικότητα όσο και για να καλυφθούν οι υγειονομικές τους ανάγκες σε συνθήκες έξαρσης. Οι πληθυσμοί αυτοί περιλαμβάνουν όσους ζουν σε οίκους ευγηρίας και άλλες δομές υψηλού συγχρωτισμού· κρατούμενους σε φυλακές και άλλα κέντρα κράτησης μαζί με τους σωφρονιστικούς υπαλλήλους και λοιπό προσωπικό· τους άστεγους που ζουν στους δρόμους ή σε δομές φιλοξενίας αστέγων.

• Τα άλλα κρίσιμα προγράμματα υπηρεσιών υγείας πρέπει να διατηρηθούν κατά τη διάρκεια της κρίσης. Η διατήρηση της υγείας των χρονίως πασχόντων εξαρτάται από τη συνεχιζόμενη περίθαλψη. Είτε πρόκειται για αιμοκάθαρση σε νεφροπαθείς, χημειοθεραπεία σε καρκινοπαθείς είτε για θεραπεία με αγωνιστές οπιοειδών για διαταραχή χρήσης οπιοειδών, τυχόν κενά σε αυτά τα προγράμματα μπορούν να επιφέρουν καταστροφικές συνέπειες για τους ασθενείς.

ΣΑΦΗΣ, ΒΑΣΙΣΜΕΝΗ ΣΕ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ, ΕΙΝΑΙ ΚΑΙΡΙΑΣ ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΦΟΒΟΥ

• Η πληροφόρηση του κοινού οφείλει να γίνεται με οδηγό επιστημονικά δεδομένα και το πολιτικό προσωπικό πρέπει να μην κάνει παραπλανητικές ή αβάσιμες δηλώσεις, ούτε να ασκεί πιέσεις σε άλλους για να κάνουν. Η ειλικρινής, διαφανής και έγκαιρη ενημέρωση για τις εξελίξεις θα είναι καθοριστικής σημασίας για τη διατήρηση του δημόσιου αισθήματος εμπιστοσύνης και τη συνεργασία. Η απόκρυψη πληροφοριών και οι προσπάθειες παραποίησής τους κατά την επιδημία SARS στην Κίνα επιδείνωσαν την κρίση. [1] Η σαφής, συνεκτική και μη αντιφατική πληροφόρηση, βασισμένη στα σωστά επιστημονικά δεδομένα, θα βελτιώσει τη συμμόρφωση και την αποτελεσματικότητα του εθελοντικού αυτοπεριορισμού και άλλων εθελοντικών μέτρων κοινωνικής αποστασιοποίησης. [2]

• Οι δημόσιοι και ιδιωτικοί φορείς θα πρέπει επίσης να διασφαλίσουν ενεργά την αποφυγή διακρίσεων και τη μετατροπή ατόμων ή ομάδων σε αποδιοπομπαίους τράγους. Καθώς εξελίσσεται η COVID-19, Κινεζο-αμερικανικές και άλλες Ασιατο-αμερικανικές κοινότητες έχουν ήδη αρχίσει να δέχονται επιθέσεις σε μέλη τους λόγω σύνδεσης τους με το φόβο διασποράς του ιού. [3,4] Το Κέντρο Ελέγχου και Πρόληψης Νοσημάτων (CDC στις ΗΠΑ) έχει επισημάνει πως τέτοιοι φόβοι και παρανοήσεις δημιουργούν «περισσότερο φόβο ή θυμό προς καθημερινούς ανθρώπους παρά προς την ασθένεια η οποία προκαλεί το πρόβλημα». [5] Τοπικοί, πολιτειακοί και ομοσπονδιακοί αξιωματούχοι οφείλουν να τοποθετηθούν ανοιχτά ενάντια στις διακρίσεις και το στίγμα και να μη χρησιμοποιήσουν το ξέσπασμα της πανδημίας για να τροφοδοτήσουν την ξενοφοβία απέναντι σε Ασιατο– Αμερικανούς, άλλες κοινότητες μεταναστών και θρησκευτικές μειονότητες.

• Οι επικεφαλής πρέπει να αποφεύγουν να δίνουν ψευδείς διαβεβαιώσεις και οφείλουν να δρουν επιθετικά ώστε να διορθώνουν τυχόν παραπληροφόρηση, ιδιαίτερα όταν αυτή μπορεί να προκαλέσει πανικό και να οδηγήσει σε μανιώδη συσσώρευση προμηθειών και προστατευτικού εξοπλισμού. Οι αρχές πρέπει επίσης να παρέχουν γενικές πρακτικές συμβουλές σε συνθήκες επιδημίας, όπως σωστή προσωπική υγιεινή και εξασφάλιση επάρκειας -αλλά όχι αποθησαύριση- απαραίτητων προμηθειών, όπως η προσωπική φαρμακευτική αγωγή.

ΠΑΡΟΧΗ ΥΠΟΣΤΗΡΙΞΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΡΩΝ ΓΙΑ ΣΩΣΤΟ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΕΛΕΓΧΟ ΤΗΣ ΜΕΤΑΔΟΣΗΣ

• Ύψιστης σημασίας προτεραιότητα είναι το να επιτραπεί στο λαό εθελούσια συνεργασία με τις συστάσεις της δημόσιας υγείας για πρόληψη, παρέχοντάς του ισχυρή κοινωνικοοικονομική υποστήριξη και σωστή εκπαίδευση. Όπου γίνεται σύσταση για μέτρα κοινωνική αποστασιοποίησης, οι αρμόδιοι δημόσιοι και ιδιωτικοί φορείς πρέπει να διασφαλίζουν ότι οι άνθρωποι συμμορφώνονται, χωρίς να υποβάλλονται σε υπερβολική ή άδικη ταλαιπωρία. Για παράδειγμα :

Η δυνατότητα του λαού να συνεργαστεί με την κοινωνική αποστασιοποίηση και τα υπόλοιπα μέτρα, θα εξαρτηθεί από το αν η πολιτική που θα χαραχτεί θα διασφαλίζει πως δεν κινδυνεύει από ανεργία, οικονομική δυσχέρεια και άλλες ακραίες επιβαρύνσεις. Αν γίνεται σύσταση αποφυγής εργασίας ή χρήσης μέσων μαζικής μεταφοράς, οι υπεύθυνοι σχεδιασμού και οι εργοδότες οφείλουν να δώσουν σαφή κίνητρα παραμονής στο σπίτι, είτε μέσω πληρωμών είτε άλλων αντισταθμισμάτων των ημερομισθίων που θα χαθούν, όπως έχει συμβεί ήδη αλλού. [6,7,8] Δε θα επιτευχθεί συνεργασία ως προς τον αυτοπεριορισμό ή άλλα εθελούσια μέτρα κοινωνικής αποστασιοποίησης, αν οι άνθρωποι δεν έχουν τη δυνατότητα να υποστηριχτούν οικονομικά, τόσο οι ίδιοι όσο και οι οικογένειές τους. Για τους χαμηλόμισθους, τους ελαστικά εργαζόμενους και τους εργαζόμενους οι οποίοι δεν είναι μισθωτοί, το να παραμένουν σπίτι απέχοντας από την εργασία τους έχει ιδιαίτερα κρίσιμες επιπτώσεις στην οικονομική τους επιβίωση.

Οι ηλικιωμένοι και τα άτομα με ειδικές ανάγκες βρίσκονται σε κίνδυνο όταν η καθημερινότητα και τα δίκτυα υποστήριξής τους διαταράσσονται. Πολλοί έχουν περιορισμένους πόρους και η φροντίδα τους εξαρτάται από τη βοήθεια άλλων. Ο σχεδιασμός αντιμετώπισης της κρίσης πρέπει να μεριμνά ρητά για αυτούς τους πληθυσμούς κατά τις συστάσεις αυτοαπομόνωσης.

• Οι πολιτικές αποφάσεις σε σχέση με την κοινωνική αποστασιοποίηση και τα κλεισίματα πρέπει να βασίζονται στα βέλτιστα διαθέσιμα επιστημονικά δεδομένα. Επιχειρήσεις, ιδρύματα και σχολεία πρέπει να καθορίσουν προληπτικά προσαρμογές και τροποποιήσεις για ενδεχόμενο κλείσιμο (π.χ. τηλεπικοινωνία ή τηλε-εκπαίδευση). Αυτά τα μέτρα έχουν υπάρξει αποτελεσματικά στη μείωση της μετάδοσης της γρίπης. [9] Η πληθώρα στοιχείων σχετικών με τη γρίπη μπορεί να παρέχει πληροφορίες για την προσπάθεια ελέγχου, αλλά θα είναι καθοριστικό να αναγνωρίσουμε τις διαφορές στην επιδημιολογία των ασθενειών.

• Ιδιαίτερη προσοχή πρέπει να δοθεί στις ανάγκες των ατόμων σε συνθήκες μακροχρόνιας περίθαλψης ή κράτησης, τα οποία είναι ιδιαιτέρως ευπαθή. Όσοι διαμένουν σε γηροκομεία ή άλλες δομές μακροχρόνιας φροντίδας, όπως και οι φυλακισμένοι ή οι άστεγοι, έχουν υψηλό κίνδυνο λοίμωξης, δεδομένων των συνθηκών διαβίωσής τους. Τα άτομα αυτά επίσης, πιθανώς θα συμμορφωθούν λιγότερο με τα προληπτικά μέτρα ώστε να μείνουν ασφαλείς και ο έλεγχος της μετάδοσης είναι πρόκληση υπ’ αυτές τις συνθήκες. Συλλήψεις και βραχυχρόνιοι εγκλεισμοί μπορούν να δράσουν ενισχυτικά σε μια επιδημία και οι πολιτικές ευρύτερου ποινικού δικαίου θα πρέπει να λάβουν υπόψη τις επιπτώσεις της αστυνόμευσης και της πολιτικής συλλήψεων στην υγεία.

• Η υποχρεωτική καραντίνα, τοπικά lockdowns και ταξιδιωτικές απαγορεύσεις έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί για την αντιμετώπιση του κινδύνου της COVID-19 στις ΗΠΑ και στο εξωτερικό. Αλλά είναι δύσκολο να υλοποιηθούν, μπορεί να υπονομεύσουν την εμπιστοσύνη της κοινωνίας, έχουν μεγάλο κοινωνικό κόστος και – το σημαντικότερο – επηρεάζουν με δυσανάλογο τρόπο τα πιο ευάλωτα κομμάτια των κοινοτήτων μας. Τέτοια μέτρα μπορούν να είναι αποτελεσματικά μόνο κάτω από ειδικές περιστάσεις. Κάθε τέτοιο μέτρο πρέπει να καθοδηγείται από επιστημονικά δεδομένα, με την απαραίτητη διαφύλαξη των δικαιωμάτων όλων όσων πλήττονται. Οι παραβιάσεις των ελευθεριών οφείλουν να είναι ανάλογες του κινδύνου που παρουσιάζεται σε όσους επηρεάζονται, επιστημονικά θεμελιωμένες, διαφανείς για την κοινή γνώμη, όσο το δυνατόν λιγότερο περιοριστικές ώστε να διαφυλάσσεται η δημόσια υγεία και να επανεξετάζονται συχνά έτσι ώστε να διασφαλίζεται ότι είναι ακόμα αναγκαία καθώς η επιδημία θα εξελίσσεται. [10]

• Μέτρα εθελούσιας αυτοαπομόνωσης είναι πιο πιθανό να επιφέρουν συνεργασία και να προστατεύσουν το αίσθημα κοινωνικής εμπιστοσύνης από ότι μέτρα καταναγκασμού, και είναι και πιο πιθανό να αποτρέψουν απόπειρες προσέγγισης του συστήματος υγείας. [11]

Για να είναι οι υποχρεωτικές καραντίνες αποτελεσματικές και άρα επιστημονικά και νομικά δικαιολογημένες, πρέπει να πληρούνται τρία βασικά κριτήρια: [12] 1) η πάθηση πρέπει να είναι μεταδοτική στο προσυμπτωματικό ή στα πρώτα συμπτωματικά στάδια · 2) όσοι έχουν πιθανά εκτεθεί στην COVID-19 πρέπει να μπορούν να ανιχνευθούν με άμεσο και αποτελεσματικό τρόπο · και 3) αυτά τα άτομα πρέπει να συμμορφωθούν με τις συνθήκες καραντίνας. Υπάρχουν στοιχεία ότι η COVID-19 μεταδίδεται κατά το προσυμπτωματικό ή τα αρχικά συμπτωματικά στάδια.[13] Παρόλα αυτά, η σχέση της μεταδοτικότητας κατά τη διάρκεια του προσυμπτωματικού ή των αρχικών συμπτωματικών σταδίων όσων έχουν προσβληθεί με τη συνολική μετάδοση της νόσου είναι άγνωστη. Η δραστική ανίχνευση όσων εκτέθηκαν θα είναι αυξανόμενης δυσκολίας όσο η μετάδοση του ιού εντός της κοινότητας επεκτείνεται, καθιστώντας την καραντίνα λιγότερο εφικτό μέτρο καθώς εξελίσσεται η διασπορά. Το αν τα άτομα μπορούν να συμμορφωθούν θα καθοριστεί από το ύψος της παρεχόμενης υποστήριξης, ιδίως όσο αφορά τους χαμηλόμισθους εργαζόμενους και άλλες ευάλωτες ομάδες. Καθώς πολλά μέρη είναι ήδη σε καραντίνα, η συνεχιζόμενη ή εκ νέου εφαρμογή της από τις ομοσπονδιακές, πολιτειακές ή τοπικές αρχές προϋποθέτει αποτίμηση σε πραγματικό χρόνο και αξιολόγηση ώστε να είναι αιτιολογημένη όσο τα επιστημονικά δεδομένα και το ξέσπασμα της πανδημίας εξελίσσονται, και αυτά μέσω μιας διαφανούς, ανοιχτής διαδικασίας λήψης αποφάσεων, στην οποία θα συμβάλλουν και καταρτισμένοι επιστήμονες και νομικοί ως εξωτερικοί σύμβουλοι.

• Οι αρχές δημόσιας υγείας θα πρέπει να παρέχουν ασφαλείς και ανθρώπινες συνθήκες σε όσους βρίσκονται σε καραντίνα, είτε αυτοί βρίσκονται στο σπίτι, είτε σε δομές ή κοινότητες. Η κυβέρνηση πρέπει να διασφαλίσει ότι οποιοσδήποτε βρίσκεται σε απομόνωση ή καραντίνα θα έχει πρόσβαση στην εξυπηρέτηση βασικών αναγκών, συμπεριλαμβανομένων φαγητού, νερού, φαρμάκων και προμηθειών υγιεινής. Θα πρέπει να παρέχεται βοήθεια στα άτομα που χρειάζονται υποστήριξη ώστε να εξυπηρετήσουν βασικές βιοτικές ανάγκες και πρέπει να υπάρξει μέριμνα για τις θρησκευτικές ανάγκες και τις ανάγκες επικοινωνίας. Αν δεν εξασφαλιστούν τα παραπάνω θα υπονομευθεί η εμπιστοσύνη, η συμμόρφωση στα μέτρα και η συνολική αποτελεσματικότητα της καραντίνας. Είναι επίσης απολύτως αναγκαίο να μην επιβληθούν απάνθρωπες συνθήκες ή άλλες διακρίσεις, όπως συνέβη στο κρουαζιερόπλοιο Diamond Princess, όπου όλοι οι επιβάτες τέθηκαν σε καραντίνα για να προστατευτεί ο πληθυσμός στη στεριά, αλλά τελικά απομονώθηκαν σε συνθήκες υψηλής μεταδοτικότητας μεταξύ τους. Επιπλέον, ασφαλείς και ανθρώπινες συνθήκες πρέπει να παρέχονται σε όλους όσους βρίσκονται σε καραντίνα και να μην υπάρχουν διαφοροποιήσεις μεταξύ κοινωνικών ή οικονομικών στρωμάτων, ή όπως στην περίπτωση του Princess Diamond, μεταξύ επιβατών και εργαζομένων.

• Όπου επιβάλλονται υποχρεωτικά μέτρα, πρέπει να γίνονται ενέργειες που θα διασφαλίζουν ότι οι άνθρωποι προστατεύονται από ενδεχόμενη απώλεια εργασίας, οικονομική δυσχέρεια και υπερβολικές επιβαρύνσεις. Κυβέρνηση και εργοδότες πρέπει να αναγνωρίσουν ότι οι χαμηλόμισθοι, ελαστικά εργαζόμενοι και οι εργαζόμενοι που δεν είναι μισθωτοί και οι οποίοι αδυνατούν να εργαστούν εξαιτίας καραντίνας ή περιοριστικών μέτρων ή άλλων διαταραχών της οικονομίας και της δημόσιας ζωής, αντιμετωπίζουν ασυνήθιστα μεγάλες προκλήσεις. Μπορεί να τους είναι αδύνατο να καλύψουν τις βασικές ανάγκες των ίδιων ή των οικογενειών τους.

• Οι άνθρωποι πρέπει να ενθαρρύνονται να κατανοούν και να διεκδικούν τα δικαιώματά τους. Πρέπει να παρέχεται πληροφόρηση η οποία θα αιτιολογεί οποιοδήποτε υποχρεωτικό περιορισμό, αλλά και σχετικά με το πώς και πού μπορούν να γίνουν ενστάσεις για τις αποφάσεις αυτές. Η διαδικασία υποβολής τους πρέπει να είναι προσιτή, συμπεριλαμβάνοντας καθολική πρόσβαση σε νομικούς συμβούλους, ώστε να διασφαλίζεται ότι οι ενστάσεις τους για μεροληψία ή επικινδυνότητα στις συνθήκες περιορισμού τους θα εκδικάζονται.

• Η αποτελεσματικότητα των τοπικών lockdowns και των ταξιδιωτικών απαγορεύσεων εξαρτάται από πολλές μεταβλητές, ενώ επίσης μειώνεται κατά τα τελικά στάδια της έξαρσης της πανδημίας. Παρά το ότι πρόκειται μόνο για αρχικά στοιχεία, μια πρόσφατη μελέτη προτείνει ότι στην Κίνα, τα μέτρα αυτά μπορεί να περιόρισαν, αλλά δεν αναχαιτίσαν τη διασπορά της επιδημίας COVID-19, καθυστερώντας την τοπικά για μερικές μέρες, ενώ σημείωσαν σημαντικότερη, αλλά και πάλι περιορισμένη, επίδραση στη διεθνή κλίμακα, ιδίως αν δε συνδυαστούν με μέτρα που κατάφεραν τουλάχιστον κατά 50% περιορισμό της μετάδοσης στην κοινότητα. [14] Οι ταξιδιωτικοί περιορισμοί έχουν επίσης γνωστές αρνητικές επιπτώσεις, όπως τη διάσπαση των αλυσίδων ανεφοδιασμού αναγκαίων προϊόντων. [15] Οι συγγραφείς μιας πρόσφατης ανασκόπησης έρευνας πάνω στο θέμα συμπέραναν ότι «η αποτελεσματικότητα των ταξιδιωτικών απαγορεύσεων είναι εν πολλοίς άγνωστη» και «όταν εκτιμάται η αναγκαιότητα και το κατά πόσο ευσταθεί μία ταξιδιωτική απαγόρευση, δεδομένων των περιορισμένων στοιχείων, είναι σημαντικό να διερωτόμαστε αν πρόκειται για λιγότερο περιοριστικό αλλά αναγκαίο για την προστασία της δημόσιας υγείας μέτρο και, ακόμα και αν όντως είναι, θα πρέπει θέτουμε το ίδιο ερώτημα ξανά και ξανά». [16]

Η έξαρση της COVID-19 αποτελεί καινοφανές φαινόμενο για την πρόσφατη Αμερικανική ιστορία και κατά συνέπεια δεν υπάρχει βιβλίο οδηγιών για ένα επιδημιολογικό φαινόμενο τέτοιας έκτασης και μεγέθους. Για να περιοριστούν οι επιπτώσεις της, πρέπει να δράσετε άμεσα, δίκαια και αποτελεσματικά.

Σας παροτρύνουμε να λάβετε αυτές τις συστάσεις σοβαρά υπόψη και να δράσετε επειγόντως, έτσι ώστε να προστατευτούμε κατά το δυνατόν καλύτερα από τις συνέπειες μιας τέτοιας πρωτοφανούς μικροβιακής απειλής και από τις πιθανές βλαβερές επιπτώσεις μιας πολιτικής βασισμένης σε κακό σχεδιασμό ή ελλιπή πληροφόρηση.

02 Μαρτίου 2020

Σημειώσεις:

[1] Jinqiu, Z. The SARS epidemic under China’s media policy. Media Asia 2003; 30(4): 191–196.

[2] Kavanagh, A.M., Bentley, R.J., Mason, K.E., et al. Sources, perceived usefulness and understanding of information

disseminated to families who entered home quarantine during the H1N1 pandemic in Victoria, Australia: a cross-sectional

study. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11(2).

[3] “What’s spreading faster than coronavirus in the US? Racist assaults and ignorant attacks against Asians”, CNN (Feb. 21,

2020), https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/20/us/coronavirus-racist-attacks-against-asian-americans/index.html.

[4] “Fear of coronavirus fuels racist sentiment targeting Asians”, Los Angeles Times (Feb. 03, 2020),

https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-03/fear-panic-around-the-coronavirus-fuels-racist-sentiment.

[5] “Stigma Related to COVID-19”, CDC (Feb. 28, 2020),https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/related-stigma.html.

[6] For example, Britain’s Health Secretary Matt Hancock sent guidance to tell employers that staff who have been asked to

self-isolate must be able to clock that time as sick leave. See “Coronavirus UK: will I get paid if I take sick leave?”, Guardian

(Feb. 26, 2020), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/26/coronavirus-uk-will-paid-take-sick-leave.

[7] “Hong Kong to give cash gift of $1,200 to residents”, BBC News (Feb. 26, 2020),

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51640456.

[8] Pichler, S., Wen, K., and Ziebarth, N.R. Positive Health Externalities of Mandating Paid Sick Leave. Preprint on Research

Gate (February 2020).

[9] Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza, United States, 2017. MMWR Recomm Rep 2017;

66(RR–1): 1–34.

[10] Abdo, A., Batman, S., Bhandari, E., et al. “Fear, Politics, and Ebola: How Quarantines Hurt the Fight Against Ebola and

Violate the Constitution.” ACLU, GHJP (December 2015),

https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/ghjp/documents/fearpoliticsebola.pdf.

[11] Aledort, J.E., Lurie, N., Wasserman, J., Bozzette, S.A. Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic

influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base. BMC Public Health 2007; 7(1): 208–209.

[12] Schabas, R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: Did quarantine help?. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and

Medical Microbiology 2004; 15(4): 204.

[13] Park, S.W., Bolker, B.M., Champredon, D., et al. Reconciling early-outbreak preliminary estimates of the basic

reproductive number and its uncertainty: a new framework and applications to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak.

medRxiv (Feb. 28, 2020).

[14] Chinazzi, M, Davis, J.T., Ajelli, M., et al. The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus

(2019-nCoV) outbreak. medRxiv (Feb. 11, 2020).

[15] “The evidence on travel bans for diseases like coronavirus is clear: They don’t work”, Vox (Jan. 23, 2020),

https://www.vox.com/2020/1/23/21078325/wuhan-china-coronavirus-travel-ban.

[16] “Effectiveness of travel bans — readily used during infectious disease outbreaks — mostly unknown”, Science Daily (Feb.

13, 2020), https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200213175923.htm.

* * *

Απόδοση στα Ελληνικά: Ελίζα Κριμιτζά

Επιμέλεια: Πουλίκος Πουλικάκος

Ευχαριστούμε τους Hanna Ehrlich, Rita Gilles, Mary Petrone και Kayoko Shioda, φοιτητές στη σχολή Δημόσιας Υγείας και τη Νομική σχολή του πανεπιστημίου Yale για τη βοήθεια τους στην έρευνα και τη συγγραφή του παρόντος κειμένου]

[*συγγραφική ομάδα]

1. Gregg S. Gonsalves, Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale

School of Public Health *

2. Amy Kapczynski, Professor of Law, Yale Law School *

3. Albert I. Ko, Professor and Chair, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of

Public Health *

4. Wendy E. Parmet, Professor of Law, Faculty Director, Center for Health Policy and Law,

Northeastern University. *

5. Scott Burris, Professor and Director, Center for Public Health Law Research, Policy Surveillance

Program, Temple University Beasley School of Law *

6. Xi Chen, Assistant Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public

Health *

7. Saad B. Omer, Director, Yale Institute for Global Health, Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases),

Professor of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Adjunct Professor (Nursing), Yale Medical School,

Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Nursing *

8. Sten H. Vermund, Dean and Anna M.R. Lauder Professor of Public Health, Yale School of Public

Health and Professor of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine *

9. Michael J. Wishnie, Clinical Professor of Law and Counselor to the Dean, Yale Law School *

10. Alice M. Miller, Co-Director, Global Health Justice Partnership of the Yale Law School and the

School of Public Health, Yale University *

11. Kayoko Shioda, PhD Candidate, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of

Public Health *

12. Mary Petrone, PhD Candidate, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of

Public Health *

13. Hanna Ehrlich, PhD Candidate, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of

Public Health *

14. Rita Gilles, JD Candidate, Yale Law School *

15. Steven Galinat, JD Candidate, Temple University Beasley School of Law *

16. Ann Kurth, Dean and Professor, Yale School of Nursing

17. Robert Heimer, Professor of Epidemiology and of Pharmacology, Yale School of Public Health

18. Amy Bei, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health

19. Glenn Cohen, Professor of Law and Director, Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy,

Biotechnology & Bioethics, Harvard Law School

20. A. David Paltiel, Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public

Health and Yale School of Management

21. Forrest W. Crawford, Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health

22. Trace Kershaw, Professor and Chair, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of

Public Health

23. Carlos del Rio, Professor of Medicine and Global Health, Emory University

24. Lynn E. Taylor, Research Professor, University of Rhode Island, Director of HIV and Viral Hepatitis

Services, CODAC Behavioral Health, Director, RI Defeats Hep C

25. Alexander Breskin, Senior Epidemiologist, NoviSci

26. Lynn E. Fiellin, Associate Professor of Medicine and the Yale Child Study Center, Director,

play2PREVENT Lab at the Yale Center for Health & Learning Games, Yale University School of

Medicine

27. Tracy L. Rabin, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine

28. Julia Marcus, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School

29. Nathan D. Grubaugh, Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale

School of Public Health

30. Lesley Meng, Assistant Professor of Operations Management, Yale School of Management

31. Heather Edney, Director, Communications and Development, Homeless Health Care Los Angeles

32. Nicolas Terry, Professor of Law, Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law

33. Richard Daynard, University Distinguished Professor of Law, Northeastern University, President,

Public Health Advocacy Institute

34. Peter D. Jacobson, Professor Emeritus of Health Law and Policy, Director, Center for Law, Ethics, and

Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health

35. Marcella Nunez-Smith, Associate Professor, Yale Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and

Management

36. Zhuo Chen, Associate Professor, University of Georgia, and Li Dak Sum Chair Professor in Health

Economics, University of Nottingham

37. Kasia J. Lipska, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine

38. Ruochen Sun, Student, Yale School of Public Health

39. Linda M. Niccolai, Professor, Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health,

Director, Connecticut Emerging Infections Program at Yale

40. Qi (Harry) Zhang, Associate Professor, School of Community and Environmental Health, Old

Dominion University

41. Huiwen Xu, Research Assistant Professor, University of Rochester.

42. Gene W. Matthews, Retired Chief Legal Advisor to CDC

43. Hongyun Fu, Associate Professor, Division of Community Health and Research, Pediatrics

Department, Eastern Virginia Medical School

44. Shutong Huo, Student,Yale School of Public Health

45. Sheela Shenoi, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine

46. Jing Ma, Associate Professor of Population Medicine, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard

Medical School

47. Carmen Portillo, Executive Deputy Dean, Yale School of Nursing

48. Joe Amon, Director of Global Health, Clinical Professor, Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife

School of Public Health, Drexel University

49. Lauren W. Kestner, Harm Reduction Program Manager, Prevention Specialist

50. Alison Galvani, Director, Yale Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis (CIDMA),

Burnett and Stender Families Professor of Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health

51. Harlan M. Krumholz, Harold H. Hines, Jr. Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine,

Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Director, Yale-New Haven Hospital Center for Outcomes

Research and Evaluation

52. Cary P. Gross, Director, Nati onal Clinician Scholars Program at Yale, Cancer Outcomes, Public

Policy & Effectiveness Research Center, Yale School of Medicine

53. Hanming Fang, Class of 1965 Term Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of

Pennsylvania

54. Reza Yaesoubi, Assistant Professor of Health Policy and Management, Yale Schools of Public Health

55. David A. Fiellin, Professor of Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Public Health, Yale School of

Medicine

56. Kenneth A. Freedberg, Professor of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical

School

57. Miguel Hernan, Professor of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

58. Harold Pollack, Helen Ross Professor, School of Social Service Administration, University of

Chicago

59. Kathryn N. Shands, former Chief of the Toxic Shock Syndrome Task Force at CDC

60. Alexandra L Phelan, Faculty, Georgetown University Center for Global Health Science & Security,

Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University Law Center

61. Ellen Isaacs, Retired Assistant Professor, New York Medical College

62. Robin W. Simon, Professor of Sociology, Wake Forest University

63. Jessica Athens, Policy and Research Officer, New York State Health Foundation

64. Jean Grassman, Associate Professor, Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences,

CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy

65. Jeffrey Bratberg, Clinical Professor of Pharmacy Practice, URI College of Pharmacy

66. Carolyn Prouty, Faculty, Public Health and Health Sciences, The Evergreen State College, Olympia,

WA

67. Wendy B. Bostwick, Associate Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing

68. Kim M. Blankenship, Professor, Department of Sociology, Associate Dean of Research, College of

Arts and Sciences, Co-Director, Social and Behavioral Sciences Core, DC CFAR, American

University

69. David R. Williams, Norman Professor of Public Health,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

70. John Steen, Immediate Past President, American Health Planning Association

71. Amanda S. Birnbaum, Professor and Chair, Department of Public Health, Montclair State University

72. T. Stephen Jones, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (retired)

73. Elizabeth A. Samuels, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Brown Emergency Medicine

74. Leo Beletsky, Professor of Law and Health Science s, Northeastern University, Adjunct Associate

Professor, UC San Diego School of Medicine

75. Mindy Fullilove, Professor of Urban policy and Health, The New School

76. Ryan McNeil, Assistant Professor, Internal Medicine, Director of Harm Reduction Research, Program

in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine

77. Andrew Bäck, MPH Candidate, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of

Maryland School of Public Health

78. Sunil Parikh, Associate Professor, Yale Schools of Public Health and Medicine

79. Kaveh Khoshnood, Associate Professor, Yale School of Public Health

80. Jennifer E. Miller, Assistant Professor, Yale Medical School, Founder, Bioethics International

81. Jeanette M. Tetrault, Associate Professor of Medicine, Program Director, Addiction Medicine

Fellowship, Associate Director for Education and Training, Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale

School of Medicine

82. J. Lucian Davis, Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School

of Public Health

83. David Vlahov, Professor of Nursing, Professor of Epidemiology Microbial Diseases, Yale University

84. Lindsay F. Wiley, Professor of Law and Director of the Health Law and Policy Program, American

University

85. Judith Feinberg Professor of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Professor of Behavioral Medicine &

Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine

86. Deborah Cotton, Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Professor of

Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health

87. Ross D. Silverman, Professor of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University Fairbanks School

of Public Health, Professor of Public Health and Law, Indiana University McKinney School of Law

88. Polly J. Price, Asa Griggs Candler Professor of Law and Professor of Global Health, Emory University

89. Jonathan Kahn, Professor of Law and Biology, Northeastern University School of Law

90. Xuerong Wen, Assistant Professor of Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Outcome, University of

Rhode Island

91. Paul D. Cleary, Anna M.R. Lauder Professor of Public Health, Yale School of Public Health

92. Muneer I. Ahmad, Clinical Professor of Law and Deputy Dean for Experiential Education, Yale Law

School

93. Rev. Dr. Gary Gunderson, Vice President, FaithHealth, Professor, Division of Public Health Sciences,

Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center and Professor of Faith and the Health of the Public

94. Mary Crossley, John E. Murray Faculty Scholar and Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh School

of Law

95. Shelley Geballe, Assistant Clinical Professor of Public Health, Yale School of Public Health; Clinical

Lecturer, Yale Law School

96. Rev. Dr. Gary Gunderson, Vice President, FaithHealth, Professor, Division of Public Health Sciences,

Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center and Professor of Faith and the Health of the Public

97. Allan M. Brandt, Amalie Moses Kass Professor of the History of Medicine, Professor of the History of

Science, Department of the History of Science, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine,

Harvard University

98. Melissa M. Goldstein, Associate Professor, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George

Washington University

99. Kimford J. Meador, Professor, Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford

University School of Medicine

100. Megan Ranney, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School,

Brown University

101. Aiden Shapiro, Resident Physician, NYU/Bellevue Department of Emergency Medicine

102. Nancy Krieger, Professor of Social Epidemiology, American Cancer Society Clinical Research

Professor, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

103. Mary Anglin, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Kentucky

104. Kata Chillag, Hamilton McKay Professor in Biosciences and Human Health, Davidson College

105. Christina S. Ho, Professor of Law, Associate Dean of Faculty Research and Development and New

Programs, Rutgers Law School, Newark

106. Angela Jarman, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, UC Davis

107. Debra DeBruin, Interim Director, Associate Professor, Director of Graduate Studies, Center for

Bioethics, University of Minnesota

108. Sam Snodgrass, Board of Directors, Broken No More/GRASP

109. Samuel R. Friedman, Research Professor, Dept of Population Health, New York University School of

Medicine

110. Matthew M. Kavanagh, Faculty Affiliate, Department of International Health & Law Center,

Georgetown University

111. Marianne Sullivan, Professor, Public Health, William Paterson University of New Jersey

112. Kim D. Jaffee, Associate Professor, School of Social Work, Wayne State University

113. Alicia Ely Yamin, Senior Fellow at the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology and

Bioethics at Harvard Law School

114. Lundy Braun, Professor of Medical Science, Professor of Africana Studies. Departments of Africana

Studies and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University

115. Jacky Jennings, Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine & Bloomberg School of

Public Health

116. Don Mathis, Adjunct Faculty, Delaware Technical Community College

117. Duana Fullwiley, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Stanford University

118. Marian Moser Jones, Associate Professor & Graduate Director, Department of Family Science,

University of Maryland School of Public Health

119. Marc Lipsitch, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Immunology

and Infectious Diseases, Director of the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H.

Chan School of Public Health

120. Nicole Blum, MD Candidate, University of Illinois College of Medicine

121. Jing Li, Assistant Professor of Health Policy and Economics, Department of Population Health

Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College

122. W. P. Hanage, Associate Professor, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of

Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health

123. Glorian Sorensen, Professor, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

124. David Rosner, Ronald Lauterstein Professor of Public Health and History, Columbia University

125. Kimberly Sue, Medical Director, Harm Reduction Coalition

126. Valerie Horsley, Assoc. Professor of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University

127. Jason A. Smith, Associate Professor of Health Sciences, California State University, East Bay

128. James G Kahn, Professor in Residence, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of

Medicine, UCSF

129. Simon Sang, Associate Professor in Animal and One Health, Department of Agricultural and

Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Environment and Human Science

130. Robert Field, Professor of Law and Professor of Health Management and Policy, Drexel University

131. Matthew Wynia, Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Director, Center for Bioethics and

Humanities, University of Colorado

132. Robin W. Simon, Professor of Sociology, Wake Forest University

133. Catherine DeLorey, President, Women’s Health Institute

134. Erica Concors, Medical Student, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School

135. Atheendar S. Venkataramani, Assistant Professor of Health Policy and Medicine, Perelman School of

Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

136. Lillian Tom-Orme, AIANNH Caucus, APHA, Co-Chair, Native Research Network, INC

137. Steven Seeche, Community Mediator, Cambridge Mass

138. Katherine M. Keyes, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman

School of Public Health

139. Elana Silver, Principal Epidemiologist, Laurelton Research

140. Carole S. Vance, Senior Fellow, Global Health Justice Partnership, Yale University

141. Mary T Bassett, Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights, Director, François-Xavier

Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University

142. Donald K Milton, Professor, Environmental & Occupational Health, Institute for Applied

Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland

143. Martha Livingston, Professor and Chair, Public Health, SUNY Old Westbury

144. Gay Young, Professor & Chair, Department of Sociology, American University

145. Suzanne M. Babich, Associate Dean of Global Health, Acting Chair, Dept of Global Health, Professor

of Health Policy and Management, Indiana University

146. Matthew Kohrman, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Stanford University & Faculty Fellow at

Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health

147. Wendy K. Mariner, Edward R. Utley Professor of Health Law, Boston University School of Public

Health, Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law, Professor of Medicine, Boston University

School of Medicine

148. Alan Goodman, Professor of Biological Anthropology, Hampshire College

149. Steven B. Auerbach, CAPT (Retired) U.S. Public Health Service

150. T.M. Luhrmann, Howard H. and Jessie T. Watkins University Professor of Anthropology, Stanford

University

151. Jim Bloyd, PhD Student, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health

152. Michael Barthman, Resident Physician, Brown Emergency Medicine

153. Anna Reisman, Professor of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine

154. Crissaris Sarnelli, Physician, Ryan Health Center

155. Alison Buttenheim, Associate Professor of Nursing and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania

156. Lara Stemple, Assistant Dean; Director, Health and Human Rights Law Project, UCLA School of Law

157. Michael A. Rodriguez, Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen

School of Medicine at UCLA; Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding

School of Public Health; Chair, UCLA Global Health Minor; Director, Health Equity Network of the

Americas

158. Eugene Shapiro, Professor of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Yale University

159. Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Head of Infectious Disease Department; Bichat Hospital, Paris, France, Head of

Infectious Disease, Immunology, Microbiology Institute Inserm France

160. Clifford W. Bogue, Waldemar Von Zedtwitz Professor of Pediatrics, Chair of Pediatrics, Yale School

of Medicine, Chief of Pediatrics and Chief Medical Officer, Yale New Haven Children’s Hospital

161. Perry N. Halkitis, Dean and Professor of Biostatistics and Urban-Global Public Health; Director,

Center for Health, Identity, Behavior & Prevention Studies (CHIBPS), Rutgers School of Public

Health; Editor in Chief, Behavioral Medicine; Founding Editor in Chief, A nnals of LGBTQ Public and

Population Health

162. Sunday Clark, Associate Professor of Epidemiology Research, Department of Emergency Medicine,

Weill Cornell Medicine

163. El’gin Avila, Principal Investigator/Founder, Equitable Health Solutions

164. Carolyn C. Cannuscio, Associate Professor of Family Medicine and Community Health, Section of

Public Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

165. Paula Tavrow, Associate Adjunct Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA

Fielding School of Public Health

166. Sofia Gruskin, Professor, Keck School of Medicine and Gould School of Law; Director, USC Institute

on Inequalities in Global Health, University of Southern California

167. Annunziata van Voorene, Founder, Any Positive Change

168. Sandra Crouse Quinn, Professor and Chair, Department of Family Science; Senior Associate Director,

Maryland Center for Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Maryland

169. Caren Solomon, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

170. Daniel M. Goldstein, Lecturer, University of Massachusetts Amherst, School of Public Health and

Health Sciences

171. David P Eisenman, Director, UCLA Center for Public Health and Disasters; Professor of Medicine,

David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Professor of Public Health, Fielding UCLA School of

Public Health

172. Avik Chatterjee, Assistant Professor, Boston University School of Medicine

173. Vicki S. Freimuth, Professor Emeritus, Health Communication, University of Georgia; Former

Director of Communication, CDC

174. Regina LaRocque, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Division of Infectious

Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital

175. Sidney D. Watson, Jan e and Bruce Robert Professor of Law; Director, Center for Health Law Studies,

Saint Louis University School of Law

176. Michael R. Cousineau, Professor Clinical Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and the Price

School of Public Policy; Senior Advisor, Gehr Family Center for Health Systems Science, University

of Southern California

177. Lynn P. Freedman, Professor of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School

of Public Health

178. Amelia Reese Masterson, Researcher, Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, Yale

School of Public Health & Southern Connecticut State University

179. Carole H. Browner, Distinguished Research Professor, Center for Culture and Health, Semel Institute

for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Anthropology, Department of Gender Studies,

University of California, Los Angeles

180. Mary Crippen, Outreach Manager, Bronx Regional Health Information Organization

181. Caroline Jean Acker, Professor Emerita of History, Carnegie Mellon University

182. Erika Sabbath, Assistant Professor, Boston College School of Social Work

183. Dean Schillinger, University of California San Francisco, Professor of Medicine; Director, UCSF

Health Communications Research Program

184. Ana Santos Rutschman, Assistant Professor of Law, Center for Health Law Studies, Saint Louis

University School of Law

185. Agnes Usoro, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Emergency Medicine

186. Elizabeth Pendo, Joseph J. Simeone Professor of Law, Saint Louis University School of Law

187. John R. Stone, Professor, Creighton University, Dept. of Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate Program

in Bioethics, Dept. of Medicine, School of Medicine

188. Jacob Gross, Tufts University, Vice President of Tufts Public Health Society

189. Naomi Rogers, Professor of the History of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine

190. Jesse A. Goldner, John D. Valentine Professor of Law Emeritus, Center for Health Law Studies, Saint

Louis University

191. Parveen Parmar, Associate Professor, Clinical Emergency Medicine; Chief, Division of Global

Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California

192. Robert L. Cohen, NYC Board of Correction

193. Gordon D. Schiff, Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School

194. Mardge Cohen, Boston Health Care For the Homeless

195. Deborah C Glik, Professor, Dept Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public

Health

196. Davidson H. Hamer, Professor of Global Health and Medicine, Boston University Schools of Public

Health and Medicine

197. Doug Blanke, Executive Director, Public Health Law Center

198. Christina Nicolaidis, Professor and Senior Scholar in Social Determinants of Health, School of Social

Work, Portland State University (PSU); Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Oregon

Health and Science University (OHSU) and the OHSU-PSU School of Public Health

199. Lee Riley, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley

200. Eva Raphael, Dept of Family and Community Medicine, UCSF

201. Eric Nilles, Director, Program on Infectious Diseases and Epidemics, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative;

Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency

Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital

202. Steven Galinat, JD Candidate, Temple University Beasley School of Law

203. Mary E. Wilson, Clinical Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University

of California, San Francisco; Adjunct Professor of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan

School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

204. Trude Bennett, Associate Professor Emerita, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings

School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

205. Joseph Fauver, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases,

Yale School of Public Health

206. Sarah B. Andrea, Postdoctoral Scholar, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington

School of Public Health

207. K. John McConnell, Professor & Director, Center for Health Systems Effectiveness, Oregon Health &

Science University

208. Angela Garcia, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Stanford University

209. Gregory R. Wagner, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (retired)

210. Leslie B. Hammer, Professor of Psychology, Portland State University

211. Pilar N. Ossorio, Professor of Law and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin Law School; Ethics

Scholar-in-Residence, Morgridge Institute for Research

212. Mary E. Bushman, Research Fellow, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of

Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

213. Jason Harris, Chief, Division of Global Health; Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical

School

214. Robert, Dubrow, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale

School of Public Health

215. Jacob Bor, Assistant Professor of Global Health and Epidemiology, Boston University School of

Public Health

216. J. Mijin Cha, Assistant Professor, Urban and Environmental Policy, Occidental College

217. Eva Harris, Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology; Director, Center for Global

Public Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley

218. Jean Lim, Associate Professor, Icahn school of medicine at Mount Sinai

219. JD Davids, Health Journalist, The Cranky Queer Guide to Chronic Illness

220. Sarah S. Bradley, Professor of Practice, Portland State University School of Social Work

221. Raina Plowright, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,

Montana State University

222. Juan C Salazar, Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, UConn School of Medicine; Physician

in Chief, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center

223. Professor Rebecca Jordan-Young, WGSS, Barnard College; Director, Science and Social Differences

Working Group, Columbia University

224. Jane E. Koehler, Professor of Medicine, Div. of Infectious Diseases, UCSF

225. Akiko Iwasaki, Professor of Immunobiology, Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology and

Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine

226. Eugene Shapiro, Professor of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Yale University

227. Seth Alan Clark, Attending Physician; Assistant professor of Medicine and Psychiatry and Human

Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University

228. Nicole Angotti, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology and Research Fellow,

Center on Health, Risk and Society, American University

229. Charles S. Dela Cruz, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal

Medicine; Director, Center of Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale School of Medicine

230. Alexander M. Capron, University Professor & Scott H. Bice Chair in Healthcare Law, Policy and

Ethics, Gould School of Law and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California

231. Richard Bucala, Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology; Professor of Medicine,

Yale School of Medicine

232. Susan L. Bickford, Professor of Mathematics, El Camino College

233. Donald Weinbaum, President, New Jersey Public Health Association

234. Arthur Reingold, Professor and Division Head, School of Public Health, University of California,

Berkeley

235. Ruslan Medzhitov, Sterling Professor, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of

Medicine

236. Joseph L Graves Jr., Professor of Biological Sciences, Dept. of Nanoengineering, Joint School of

Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina, A&T University and UNC Greensboro

237. Eran Bendavid, Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University

238. Howard P. Forman, Professor of Public Health, Radiology, and Management, Yale University.

239. Richard Skolnik, Former Lecturer Yale School of Public Health and the Yale School of Management

240. Michelle Poulin, Social Scientist, Gender Innovation Lab, Africa Region, The World Bank

241. Steffanie Strathdee, Associate Dean of Global Health Sciences, Harold Simon Professor, Co-Director

of the Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University

of California, San Diego

242. Mary E. O’Brien, primary care physician, Columbia University

243. Jesse J. Waggoner, Assistant Professor (Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases),

Associate Professor (Department of Global Health), Rollins School of Public Health and Emory

University School of Medicine

244. Olivia Orta, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Epidemiology Department, Boston University School of

Public Health

245. Sara Yeatman, Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences,

University of Colorado Denver

246. Ricardo Castillo-Neyra, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School

of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania

247. Ann Swidler, Professor of the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley

248. Liu-Qin Yang, Associate Professor of Psychology, Portland State University

249. Derek Cummings, Department of Biology and the Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida

250. Kenneth D. Rosenberg, Affiliate Assistant Professor, Oregon Health & Science University– Portland

State University School of Public Health

251. Jason Andrews, Assistant Professor Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine,

Stanford University School of Medicine

252. Caroline Buckee, Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Associate Director of the Center for

Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health

253. Sharron Close, Assistant Professor, Emory University School of Nursing

254. Stephanie A Bryson, Associate Professor, Portland State University School of Social Work

255. Stephen Arpadi, Professor of Pediatrics & Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center,

Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeon, Mailman School of Public Health

256. MarySue V. Heilemann, Associate Professor, UCLA School of Nursing; Associate Director, National

Clinician Scholars Program, UCLA

257. Jeffrey D. Klausner, Professor of Medicine and Public Health, UCLA David Geffen School of

Medicine and Fielding School of Public Health

258. Chandy C. John, Director, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health,

Indiana University School of Medicine and Riley Hospital for Children at IUHealth

259. David Fidock, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology and of Medical Sciences (Division of

Infectious Diseases), Columbia University Irving Medical Center

260. Daniel Bausch, Scientific Program Chair, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,

Washington, DC

261. Ellen F. Foxman, Assistant Professor, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale

University School of Medicine

262. Gerald Friedland, Professor Emeritus Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Epidemiology and

Public Health, AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine

263. James W. Russell, Professor of Public Policy, Portland State University

264. Jacqueline Fox, Professor, School of Law, University of South Carolina

265. Cuoghi Edens, Assistant Professor, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Sections of Rheumatology and

Pediatric Rheumatology, The University of Chicago Medicine

266. Judith D. Auerbach, Professor of Medicine, Division of Prevention Sciences, School of Medicine,

University of California, San Francisco

267. Peter Daszak, President of EcoHealth Alliance, New York

268. Joseph N.S. Eisenberg, Chair and Professor, Department of Epidemiology, John G. Searle Professor of

Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan

269. Sheldon Krimsky, Lenore Stern Professor of Humanities & Social Sciences, Adjunct Professor of

Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University

270. Micah B erman, Associate Professor of Public Health and Law, The Ohio State University

271. David A. Hafler, William S. and Lois Stiles Edgerly Professor of Neurology and Professor of

Immunobiology, and Chairman, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine

272. Alfred L.M. Bothwell, Professor of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine

273. Kristen Underhill, Associate Professor of Law, Columbia Law School

274. Craig Hadley, Department of Anthropology, Emory University

275. Jonathan Kurtis, Chair, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Stanley M. Aronson

Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School

Director of Laboratories, Center for International Health Research Director, MD/PhD Program

276. Terry Marx, Pediatrician, Children’s Aid

277. Shruti Mehta, Professor and Deputy Chair Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg

School of Public Health

278. Michael S. Sinha, Adjunct Faculty, Northeastern University School of Law and Visiting Scholar,

Center for Health Policy and Law, Northeastern University School of Law

279. Sarah S. Richardson, Professor of the History of Science and of Studies of Women, Gender, and

Sexuality, and Director of Graduate Studies, WGS Director, GenderSci Lab, Harvard University

280. William M. Sage, James R. Dougherty Chair, School of Law and Professor of Surgery and

Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin

281. John N. Cranmer, Assistant Professor, Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing;

Principal Investigator, Emory Ethiopia Maternal-Newborn Implementation Research Partnership

282. Sarah E. Gollust, Associate Professor, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of

Minnesota School of Public Health

283. Seema Mohapatra, Associate Professor of Law and Dean’s Fellow, Indiana University Robert H.

McKinney School of Law

284. Adetutu Sadiq, student, UC Berkeley School of Public Health

285. Kenneth G. Castro, Professor, Hubert Department of Global Health & Department of Epidemiology,

Rollins School of Public Health; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of

Medicine, Emory University

286. Mindy Jane Roseman, Director of International Programs and Director of the Gruber Program for

Global Justice and Women’s Rights, Yale Law School

287. Thuy Bui, Associate Professor of Medicine Director, Global Health/Underserved Populations Track,

Internal Medicine Residency at UPMC, Social Medicine Fellowship Program, University of Pittsburgh

School of Medicine

288. Deborah Ehrenthal, Associate Professor, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of

Wisconsin-Madison

289. Donna M. Jacobsen Executive Director/President International Antiviral (formerly AIDS)

Society-USA

290. Natalia Linos, Executive Director FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University

291. Marcia C. Castro, Andelot Professor of Demography Chair, Department of Global Health and

Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

292. Chandrakala Ganesh, Associate Professor, Health Sciences California State University, East Bay

293. Wafaa El-Sadr, University Professor of Epidemiology and Medicine, Columbia University

294. Thomas Clasen, Professor and Interim Chair, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins

School of Public Health, Emory University

295. Alina Engelman, Assistant Professor, Department of Health Sciences, California State University, East

Bay

296. Robert G. Wallace, Visiting Scholar, Institute for Global Studies, University of Minnesota

297. Daniel S. Goldberg, Associate Professor, Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Colorado

298. Gary Weil, Professor of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine

299. David R Hill, Professor of Medical Sciences, Director of Global Public Health, Frank H. Netter MD,

School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University

300. David Stupplebeen, Epidemiologist/Evaluator, Hawaiʻi Health & Harm Reduction Center and Junior

Specialist, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa

301. Nicole Huberfeld, Professor of Health Law, Ethics & Human Rights, Department of Health Law,

Policy & Management, and Professor of Law, Boston University School of Public Health

302. Jennifer Philips, Associate Professor of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Co-Director, Division

of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis

303. Zackary Berger, Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Core Faculty, Johns Hopkins

Berman Institute of Bioethics; Staff Physician, Esperanza Clinic Health Center

304. Robert T. Schooley, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health,

University of California, San Diego

305. Jenny Reardon, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Science and Justice Research Center,

University of California, Santa Cruz

306. Steven L. Bernstein, Professor of Emergency Medicine and Public Health, Yale Schools of Medicine

and Public Health

307. Mary Oschwald, Director and Associate Research Professor, The Regional Research Institute for

Human Services, School of Social Work, Portland State University

308. David G. Schatz, Professor and Chair, Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine

309. Linda McCauley, Dean, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University

310. Jennifer Adamski, Assistant Professor & AGACNP Program Director, Emory University School of

Nursing

311. Carolyn Miller Reilly, Clinical Associate Professor and ABSN Program Director, Emory University

School of Nursing

312. Daniel E. Geller, Clinical Instructor, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University

313. Anne-Catrin Uhlemann, Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of

Infectious Diseases, Columbia University

314. Rachel Sachs, Associate Professor of Law, Washington University in St. Louis

315. Brinda Emu, Associate Professor of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine

316. Marc N. Gourevitch, Professor and Chair, Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health

317. Arnab Mukherjea, Assistant Professor of Health Sciences (Public & Community Health); Adjunct

Faculty Member, Pre-Professional Health Academic Program (PHAP), Department of Health Sciences,

California State University, East Bay

318. Douglas D. Richman, Distinguished Professor of Pathology and Medicine (Active Emeritus); Director,

The HIV Institute; Co-Director, San Diego Center for AIDS Research; Florence Seeley Riford Chair in

AIDS Research (Emeritus), University of California, San Diego

319. Lori Peek, Professor, Department of Sociology and Director, Natural Hazards Center, University of

Colorado Boulder

320. Janne Boone-Heinonen, Associate Professor of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Oregon Health

& Science University

321. Nino Ricca Lucci, Labor Organizer, UAW Region 9A, MPH Student, Columbia Mailman School of

Public Health

322. Kathryn M. Barker, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of

Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine University of California, San

Diego

323. Mitch Stripling, National Director, Emergency Preparedness & Response, Planned Parenthood

Federation of America

324. Esther K. Choo, Associate Professor, Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine,

Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University

325. Molly Dondero, Assistant Professor of Sociology, American University

326. Mariya Masyukova, Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Social Medicine, Montefiore

Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine

327. Corey Davis, Teaching Professor, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University

328. Rajesh T. Gandhi, Massachusetts General Hospital, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

329. Gary V. Desir, Paul B. Beeson Professor of Medicine Chair, Internal Medicine, Yale School of

Medicine Chief, Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital

330. John Harley Warner, Avalon Professor of the History of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, and

Professor of History, Yale University

331. Scott C. Weaver , Professor and Chair, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of

Texas Medical Branch

332. Connie Celum, Professor of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington

333. Laura Ferguson, Assistant Professor, Keck School of Medicine; Director, Program on Global Health

334. Phillip Fiuty, Harm Reduction Program Manager, The Mountain Center

335. Vasilis Vasiliou, Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Epidemiology, Department Chair of Environmental

Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health

336. Kristine Qureshi, Professor & Associate Dean, University of Hawaii at Manoa, School of Nursing and

Dental Hygiene

337. David M. Morens, Bethesda, Maryland

338. Azita Emami, Robert G. and Jean A. Reid Executive Dean, University of Washington School of

Nursing

339. Sydney A. Spangler, Assistant Professor, Lillian Carter Center for Global Health and Social

Responsibility, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing and Hubert Department of Global Health,

Emory University

340. Ana V. Diez Roux, Dean, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University

341. Usha Ramakrishnan, Interim Chair and Professor, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School

of Public Health, Emory University

342. John Santelli, Professor, Population and Family Health and Pediatrics, Columbia University

343. Joseph S. Ross, Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Yale University

344. Katharine Walter, Postdoctoral Fellow, Stanford University School of Medicine

345. Vidya Eswaran, Chief Resident, McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University

346. Nina Harawa, Professor-in-Residence, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services

Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (DGSOM), Department of Psychiatry, Charles

R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (CDU)

347. James Lloyd-Smith, Professor, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of

California, Los Angeles

348. Lance Gable, Associate Professor of Law, Wayne State University Law School.

349. Sherril Gelmon, Professor, Health Systems Management & Policy, Director, PhD in Health Systems &

Policy, OHSU & PSU School of Public Health

350. Risha Gidwani-Marszowski, Adjunct Associate Professor, UCLA School of Public Health

351. Carol S. Camlin, Associate Professor, Dept. of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences,

University of California, San Francisco

352. Nicholas G. Reich, Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of

Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

353. Joseph Craft, Professor, Yale University School of Medicine

354. Ibukun Fowe,, Graduate Research Assistant, OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon

355. Josiah “Jody” Rich, Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Director of the

Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, Attending Physician, The Miriam Hospital

356. George J. Annas, Director, Center for Health Law, Ethics & Human Rights, Boston University School

of Public Health

357. Traci C. Green, Professor and Director, the Opioid Policy Research Collaborative, The Heller School

for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University

358. Denise Chrysler, Retired Attorney, Michigan Department of Community Health

359. Corey S. Davis, Former Chair, Orange County (NC) Board of Health, Teaching Professor, East

Carolina University Brody School of Medicine

360. Michael S. Lyons, Associate Professor Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of

Medicine

361. K.M. Venkat Narayan, Ruth and OC Hubert Chair of Global Health, Emory University

362. Tim Cunningham, Vice President of Practice and Innovation, Emory Healthcare; Adjunct Assistant

Professor, Emory University School of Nursing; Adjunct Assistant Professor University of Virginia

School of Nursing.

363. Brett Feret, Clinical Professor, Director of Experiential Education, University of Rhode Island College

of Pharmacy

364. Dabney P. Evans, Associate Professor, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public

Health-Emory University

365. Pooja Agrawal, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine

366. Donald S. Burke, MD, Distinguished University Professor and Jonas Salk Chair of Population Health,

University of Pittsburgh

367. Harsha Thirumurthy, Associate Professor, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University

of Pennsylvania

368. Maryana Arvan, Postdoctoral Scholar, Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida

369. Deborah McFarland, Associate Professor, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University

370. Sydney A. Spangler, Assistant Professor, Lillian Carter Center for Global Health and Social

Responsibility, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing and Hubert Department of Global Health,

Emory University

371. Rosemary K. Sokas, Professor, Department of Human Science; Georgetown University School of

Nursing and Health Studies, Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University

School of Medicine

372. Marizen Ramirez, Associate Professor, Director, Midwest Center for Occupational Health and Safety,

University of Minnesota School of Public Health

373. Andrew Goldstein, Assistant Professor at NYU School of Medicine

374. Sandra A. Springer, Associate Professor of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal

Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease

375. Jim Lavery, Professor and Conrad N. Hilton Chair in Global Health Ethics, Hubert Department of

Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Faculty, Center for Ethics, Emory University

376. Ted Cohen, Professor, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public

Health

377. Leslie I. Boden, Professor, Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public

Health

378. Ranit Mishori, Professor of Family Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine

379. Lorna Thorpe, Professor and Director, Division of Epidemiology, Vice Chair, Strategy and Planning,

Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine

380. Kay Lovelace, Associate Professor of Public Health Education, School of Health and Human Sciences,

University of North Carolina at Greensboro

381. Isabel Morgan, PhD Student, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global

Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

382. Barak Richman, Bartlett Professor of Law and Business Administration, Duke University, Visiting

Scholar, Department of Medicine, Stanford University

383. Joshua L. Warren, Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Yale University

384. Carolyn L. Westhoff, Sarah Billinghurst Solomon Professor of Reproductive Health, Columbia

University

385. Maile Phillips, PhD Candidate, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of

Public Health

386. Betty Kolod, Resident Physician, Mount Sinai Hospital

387. Michelle Mello, Professor of Medicine and Professor of Law, Stanford University

388. Peter C. Melby, Director, Division of Infectious Diseases; Director, Center for Tropical Diseases; Paul

R. Stalnaker Distinguished Professor in Medicine; Professor, Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases),

Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)

389. Joseph S. Ross, Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Yale University

390. Sangeetha Madhavan, Professor of African American Studies and Sociology, University of Maryland

391. Anne Davis, OB/GYN, Columbia University Irving Medical Center

392. Jennifer S. Hirsch, Professor of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia

University

393. Poonam Daryani, Clinical Fellow, Global Health Justice Partnership of the Yale Law School and the

School of Public Health, Yale University

394. Elizabeth Spradley, BHLI Project Connections in Baltimore City

395. Lisa M. Thompson, Associate Professor, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory

University

396. Julia Rosenberg, Yale National Clinician Scholar Post-Doctoral Fellow

397. Jenny Trinitapoli, Associate Professor of Sociology & Director of the Center for International Social

Science Research, University of Chicago

398. Mary Clare Reidy, Director of Collaborative Partnerships, Health Federation of Philadelphia

399. Kenneth H. Mayer, Fenway Health, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.C. Chan School of Public

Health

400. Susan M. Mason, Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of

Minnesota School of Public Health

401. Parmi Suchdev, Professor of Pediatrics and Global Health, Emory University

402. Robert A. Bednarczyk, Assistant Professor of Global Health and Epidemiology, Emory University

403. Thomas J. Stopka, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine,

Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine

404. Maggie Ornstein, Psychology, Sarah Lawrence College

405. Maggie Ornstein, Guest Faculty, Psychology, Sarah Lawrence College

406. Kimberley Shoaf, Professor and Associate Chief for Community Engagement, Division of Public

Health, University of Utah

407. Gary Bubly, Vice Chair for Clinical Integration and Innovation, Department of Emergency Medicine,

Alpert Medical School of Brown University

408. Robert Gatter, Professor of Law, Center for Health Law Studies, Saint Louis University School of Law

409. Hyeyoung Woo, Associate Professor, Portland State University

410. Steven Singer, Professor, Department of Biology; Director of Undergraduate Studies in Biology of

Global Health; Director of Gradute Studies in Global Infectious Disease, Georgetown University

411. Alyssa King, Post-doctoral Fellow; Adjunct Professor, Department of Biology, Georgetown University

412. Anne G. Rosenwald, Professor of Biology; Professor of Microbiology and Immunology; Director of

Undergraduate Studies in Biology, Georgetown University

413. Joshua Rodriguez, NYU/Bellevue Emergency Medicine

414. Heather-Lyn Haley, Assistant Professor, Family Medicine and Community Health, UMass Medical

School

415. Lydia Aoun Barakat, Section of Infectious Disease, Yale School of Medicine

416. Melanie Gross Hagen, Associate Professor, Internal Medicine, University of Florida

417. Alyssa Jordan, RTI International

418. Peter C. Melby, Director, Division of Infectious Diseases; Director, Center for Tropical Diseases; Paul

R. Stalnaker Distinguished Professor in Medicine; Professor, Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases),

Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)

419. Ally Power, University of California, Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Department of

Epidemiology

420. Joshua L. Warren, Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Yale University

421. Maile Phillips, PhD Candidate, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of

Public Health

422. M artha Rogers, Emory University, Retired US Public Health Service

423. Richard A Flavell, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine

424. Regina McCoy, Professor, UNC Greensboro

425. Thomas McAndrew, Postdoctoral Fellow of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and

Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst

426. Peter Armbruster, Davis Family Professor, Department of Biology, Georgetown University

427. Rachel Sullivan Robinson, Associate Professor, School of International Service and Center on Health,

Risk and Society, American University

428. Andrew Wang, Assistant Professor, Department Internal Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy &

Immunology), Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine

429. Laura Gottlieb, Associate Professor, Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San

Francisco

430. Maeve McKean, Executive Director, Global Health Initiative, Georgetown University Medical Center

431. John Kraemer, Associate Professor, Georgetown University

432. Vincent C. Marconi, Professor of Medicine and Global Health, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory

University School of Medicine, Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health

433. Janet Mann, Professor of Biology & Psychology, Georgetown University

434. Corinne Peek-Asa, Associate Dean for Research, College of Public Health, University of Iowa

435. Rachel Rubin, Senior Public Health Medical Officer, Cook County Department of Public Health

436. Melinda Zipp, Director of Outreach, Lancaster Harm Reduction Project

437. Leo Lopez III, Fellow, National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale University School of Medicine

438. Professor Sarah Tinkler, Department of Economics, Portland State University

439. Jenn Hollandsworth Reed, Doctoral Student, OHSU-PSU School of Public Health

440. Brian Weiss, Research Scientist/Scholar & Lecturer, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial

Diseases, Yale School of Public Health

441. Marjorie Sue Rosenthal, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Yale Medical School

442. Ximena A. Levander, Addiction Medicine Fellow, Oregon Health & Science University

443. Lauren Carruth, Assistant Professor, School of International Service, American University

444. Marie A. Brault, Associate Research Scientist, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale

School of Public Health

445. Rachael W. Sirianni, Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center

at Houston

446. Krystal Pollitt, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of

Public Health

447. Georgia Charkoftaki, MPharm, Associate Research Scientist, Department of Environmental Health

Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale

448. Colin Carlson, Post-doctoral Fellow, Department of Biology, Center for Global Health Science &

Security, Georgetown University

449. Associate Professor of Urban Planning and Public Health, Department of Urban Studies and Planning,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

450. Jessica Lewis, Associate Research Scientist, Yale School of Public Health

451. Emma Biegacki, Program Manager in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine

452. Ameet Sarpatwari, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

453. Constance A. Nathanson, Professor, Departments of Sociomedical Sciences and Population and Family

Health, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health

454. Anna Cupito, Associate Program Officer, National Academy of Medicine

455. Mary Ann Castle, Senior Consultant, Planning Alternatives for Change

456. Laura Ucik, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY

457. Yoon-Sung Nam, PhD student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota

School of Public Health

458. Hannah Rosenblum, Chief Resident, Yale Primary Care/Internal Medicine-Pediatrics, Yale-New

Haven Hospital

459. Alex Wagenaary, Research Professor, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Professor

Emeritus, University of Florida College of Medicine

460. Yawei Zhang, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of

Public Health

461. Zheng Wang, Research Scientist, Yale School of Public Health

462. Emma Olson, Director of Partnerships and Evaluation, NC Center for Health and Wellness

463. Michelle P. Lin, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

464. Mary Herbert, Clinical Director, Program for Health Care to Underserved/Birmingham Clinic

465. Jamie Tam, Assistant Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public

Health

466. Louisa Holaday, Fellow, National Clinician Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale

University

467. Emily P. Hyle, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Division of Infectious

Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital

468. Erika Linnander, Director, Yale Global Health Leadership Initiative

469. Erica Caple James, Associate Professor of Medical Anthropology and Urban Studies, MIT

470. Alfreda Holloway-Beth, Black Caucus of Health Workers (BCHW), APHA, President

471. Doreen D. Cunningham, Assistant Research Professor, Georgetown University

472. Edward J. Callahan, Professor Emeritus, Family and Community Medicine, University of California,

Davis Health

473. Cornelia van der Ziel, Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates (retired)

474. Heping Zhang, Susan Dwight Bliss Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of

Public Health

475. Ronald Bayer, Professor and Co-Chair, Center for the History & Ethics of Public Health, Mailman

School of Public Health; Senior Advisor, Global Network of Collaborating Centres of Bioethics, WHO

476. Dennis L. Kolson, Professor of Neurology; Vice Chair for Academic Affairs/Faculty Development,

Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

477. John Wysolmerski, Professor of Medicine and Acting Section Chief, Endocrinology and Metabolism,

Yale School of Medicine

478. Bisan A. Salhi, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Associated Assistant

Professor, Department of Anthropology, Emory University

479. Leslie Curry, Professor of Public Health and Professor of Management, Yale School of Public Health

480. Justin I. Lowenthal, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, National Board of Directors,

Doctors for America

481. Elizabeth Datner, Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Einstein Healthcare Network, Professor

of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University

482. Alfreda Holloway-Beth, Black Caucus of Health Workers, American Public Health Association;

Director of Epidemiology, Cook County Department of Public Health

483. William L. Holzemer, Distinguished Professor & Dean Emeritus, School of Nursing, Rutgers, The

State University of New Jersey

484. Marney White, Associate Professor of Public Health (Social and Behavioral Sciences); Associate

Professor of Epidemiology (Chronic Diseases), Yale School of Public Health and of Psychiatry, Yale

Medical School

485. Donna Speigelman, Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Biostatistics; Director, Center for Methods in

Implementation and Prevention Science (CMIPS); Director, Interdisciplinary Research Methods Core,

Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health; Assistant Cancer Center

Director, Global Oncology, Yale Cancer Center

486. Ingrid V. Bassett, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General

Hospital

487. Peter Lurie, President, Center for Science in the Public Interest

488. Sandro Galea, Dean and Robert A. Knox Professor, Boston University School of Public Health

489. Ashley Ceniceros, Physician and Instructor at Albert Einstein School of Medicine and Montefiore

Medical Center

490. Danya Keene, Assistant Professor, Yale School of Public Health

491. Maeve McKean, Executive Director, Global Health Initiative, Georgetown University

492. Larry R Martinez, Assistant Professor of Psychology at Portland State University

493. Justin Lowenhtal, National Board of Directors, Doctors for America; MD-PhD Candidate, Johns

Hopkins University School of Medicine

494. David H. Jernigan, Professor of Health Law, Policy and Management at Boston University School of

Public Health

495. Janine Sinno Janoudi , PhD- Health Analyst

496. Pamela Pen Erh Pei, Senior Research Scientist, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts

General Hospital

497. Adnan Hyder, Senior Associate Dean for Research & Professor of Global Health

498. Tyler Steven Brown, Instructor, Harvard Medical School and Assistant in Medicine, Infectious

Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital

499. Melissa Smith, Director, Health Equity Initiatives, UC Santa Barbara

500. Rebecca Katz , Professor and Director, Georgetown University Center for Global Health Science and

Security

501. Sarah Deutsch, Director of Programs at Hepatitis Education Project

502. Wolfgang Munar, Associate Professor, Dept of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public

Health

503. Ricky N. Bluthenthal, Associate Dean for Social Justice/Professor, Keck School of Medicine,

University of Southern California

504. Daniel Weinberger, Associate Professor of Epidemiology at Yale School of Public Health

505. Leah Jo Carnine, Physician’s Assistant at Casa de Salud

506. Sarah Lopez, Patient Safety Officer, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

507. Kitty Corbett, Professor Emeritus at Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences

508. Gillian Tarr, Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota

509. Erich J. Greene, Associate Research Scientist, Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of

Public Health

510. Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena, Professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

511. Jamie Song, MPH Student and Graduate Assistant at University of Pennsylvania Center for Public

Health Initiatives

512. George R. Seage III. , Professor of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health

513. Amy N. Sanders, Associate Director, Center for Health Law Studies, Saint Louis University School of

Law

514. James Tielsch, Professor of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of

Public Health

515. Medha D. Makhlouf, Assistant Professor of Law at Penn State University – Dickinson Law

516. Peter Cresswell, Eugene Higgins Professor of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine

517. Jenna Neasbitt, Executive Director

518. Adam R. Aluisio, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School,

Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

519. Ann Aschengrau, Professor of Epidemiology at Boston University

520. Sarah Gallagher, MPH Candidate at University of Michigan

521. Alison El Ayadi Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive

Sciences, University of California San Francisco

522. Emily R. Smith Assistant Professor of Global Health at George Washington University

523. William B. Jordan, Clinical Assistant Professor, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

524. Melinda Zipp, Director of Outreach, Lancaster Harm Reduction Project

525. Shaun Brinsmade, Professor of Biology at Georgetown University

526. Kathi Traugh, Director Public Health Workforce Development and Distance Learning, Yale School of

Public Health,

527. Jeremy Mosher, Resident Physician in Family Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago Medical Center

528. Jennifer Hochschild, Professor of Government at Harvard University

529. Ryan Thoreson, Clinical Lecturer in Law, Associate Research Scholar in Law, and Robert M.

Cover-Allard K. Lowenstein Fellow in International Human Rights, Yale Law School

530. Elaine Janine Abrams, Professor of Pediatrics & Epidemiology, Columbia University

531. Noemi Spinazzi, Physician at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland

532. Donna Spiegelman, Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Biostatistics, Yale University

533. James G. Linakis, Professor of Emergency Medicine & Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown

University

534. Peter Chen, Professor of Psychology at Auburn University and Editor of Occupational Health

Psychology

535. Ashley E. Nixon, Associate Professor of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

536. Nicole Errett, Lecturer at University of Washington School of Public Health

537. Walter A Orenstein, Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics and Global Health, Emory University

538. Maryana L. Arvan, Postdoctoral Scholar, Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida

539. Yiran Liu, PhD Candidate, Stanford School of Medicine

540. James Hadler, Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Public Health

541. Thomas J. Coates, Distinguished Research Professor of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of

Medicine; Director, University of California Global Health Institute

542. Leela Davies, Infectious Disease physician at Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and

Women’s Hospital

543. Gabriel A. Wagner, Assistant Professor of Medicine at University of California San Diego

544. Pamella Gronemeyer, SEMC Pathology

545. Kinna Thakarar, Assistant Professor of Medicine at Maine Medical Center/Tufts University School of

Medicine

546. Eileen V. Pitpitan, Associate Professor of Social Work at San Diego State University

547. Theo N. Kirkland, Professor of Infectious Diseases University of California San Diego School of

Medicine

548. Jonathan Cohen, Director of the Public Health Program, Open Society Foundations

549. Gabriela Rosas-Garcia, Physician, Internal Medicine- Infectious diseases

550. Peter Lurie, President, Center for Science in the Public Interest

551. Susan Goodwin Gerberich, Professor, Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health,

University of Minnesota

552. Mary Jeannette Hopkins, Assistant Professor Tufts University School of Medicine

553. Talia Puzantian, Professor of Clinical Sciences at Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy and

Health Sciences

554. Michael Zingman, Medical Student at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and

Surgeons, alum of Infectious Disease Epidemiology program at Columbia Mailman School of Public

Health

555. Paul Ndebele, Senior Research Regulatory Specialist, Milken Institute of Public Health, The George

Washington University

556. Sanjay Mehta, Associate Professor of Medicine University of California San Diego

557. Adriano de Bernardi Schneider, Postdoctoral Scholar, AntiViral Research Center, School of Medicine,

University of California, San Diego

558. Maria Luisa Mittal, Assistant Project Scientist, University of California San Diego, Division of

Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health

559. Kiyomi Tsuyuki, Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health at University of

California, San Diego

560. Mariana Arcaya, Associate Professor of Urban Planning and Public Health, MIT

561. Amnon Altman, Professor, La Jolla Institute for Immunology

562. Cristina M. Castro, MDPhD Candidate, NYU School of Medicine

563. Balakrishnan Rajagopal, Associate Professor of Law and Development, Department of Urban Studies

and Planning MIT

564. Sara Keller, Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of

Medicine; Assistant Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

565. Alison Bormann, Infectious Disease Physician, Minneapolis MN

566. Javier Cepeda Assistant Professor of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public

Health) at University of California – San Diego

567. Kimberly C. Brouwer, Vice Chair for Public Health Education, Professor and Interim Global Health

Division Chief, Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, San Diego

568. Emily Nagisa Keehn, Assistant Dean of Graduate Programs, Kroc School of Peace Studies, University

of San Diego

569. Meghan McGinty, Faculty Associate Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

570. Lucy E. Horton, Physician in Division of Infectious Diseases, UC San Diego Health

571. Samuel A. Granato, Clinical Instructor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington

572. Brad Wagenaar, Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington

573. Joel F. Martin, President and CEO of IntrepidaBio, Inc.

574. Asma Khatri, , Infectious Disease Specialist

575. Arthur J. Olson, Anderson Research Chair Professor, The Scripps Research Institute

576. Molly Greenberg, Nurse Coordinator at Healthcare for the Homeless

577. Deborah G. Passey, Research Associate, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah

578. Johel Padilla, Research Assistant in UPR-Medical Sciences Campus

579. Anne Wyllie, Associate Research Scientist, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale

School of Public Health

580. Alexander McCourt, Assistant Scientist, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

581. Zoe Meleo-Erwin, Assistant Professor of Public Health at William Paterson University of New Jersey

582. Chantal Vogels, Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School

of Public Health

583. Danielle Ofri, Clinical Professor of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine

584. Rochelle P. Walensky, Professor, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital

585. Ellen V. Moorem, AIUSA Archives and Chair AIUSA Archives Thematic Coordination Group

586. Tim Carey, Professional Consultant at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Retired)

587. Francis V. Chisari, Professor of Virology and Immunology at The Scripps Research Institute

588. Chris Coombe Assistant Research Scientist, University of Michigan School of Public Health

589. Alexandra M. Goodwin, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center

590. Najmedin Meshkati, Professor of Civil/Environmental Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering

and International Relations at University of Southern California

591. Ana Weil, Assistant professor University of Washington

592. Daniela C. Rodriguez, Associate Scientist, Dept. of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg

School of Public Health

593. Deborah Grady, Professor of Medicine, University of California San Francisco

594. Mary Elizabeth Tinetti, Professor, Department of Medicine, Chief of Geriatrics, Yale School of

Medicine

595. Aziza Ahmed, Professor of Law, Northeastern University School of Law

596. Britt Skaathun, Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health,

University of California San Diego, School of Medicine

597. J. Patrik Hornak, Senior Housestaff Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of

Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

598. Danniel Zamora, Infectious Diseases Fellow, The University of Washington

599. Rachel Ann Bender Ignacio, Assistant Professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,

University of Washington

600. Jeremy Paul, Professor of Law at Northeastern University

601. Melinda F. Drew, Adjunct Professor at Northeastern University School of Law

602. Heather Lusk, Executive Director, Hawaii Health & Harm Reduction Center

603. Sara Kass-Gergi, Resident, Internal Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center

604. Olivia Moscicki, Medical Student at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

605. Robert T. Fairman, Second Century Initiative Fellow, Georgia State University School of Public

Health

606. Robert A. Lowe, Professor Emeritus, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine

607. Lucy Ann Williams, Professor of Law, Northeastern University School of Law

608. Jodie L. Guest, Professor of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University

609. Sara Rosenbaum, Harold and Jane Hirsh Professor of Health Law and Policy, George Washington

University, Milken Institute School of Public Health

610. Carolyn K. Clevenger, Professor and Associate Dean for Clinical and Community Partnerships, Nell

Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University

611. Paul Ndebele, Senior Research Regulatory Specialist-Office of Research Excellence (ORE);

Professorial Lecturer – Department of Global Health, The George Washington University, Milken

Institute School of Public Health

612. Jeffrey Townsend, Elihu Professor of Biostatistics and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale School

of Public Health, Yale University

613. Marco Ramos, Psychiatry Resident and Lecturer in History, Yale University

614. Brad H. Pollock, Professor and Chairman, Department of Public Health Sciences, Associate Dean of

Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine

615. Charles Anthony Broh, Principal, Broh Consulting Services

616. Kerry K. McCabe, Vice Chair of Education, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical

Center, Assistant Professor Boston University Medical School

617. Marissa G. Baker, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences,

University of Washington School of Public Health

618. Abigail Schachter, Epidemiologist, Public Health – Seattle & King County

619. Emily Pinto Taylor, Chief Resident, Yale Primary Care – Internal Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital

620. Jim Krieger, Clinical Professor of Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington

621. Christine Eisenhower, Clinical Associate Professor of Pharmacy

622. Maile Young Karris, Associate Professor of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Global

Public Health & Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of California San Diego

623. Michael B Bracken, Susan Dwight Bliss Professor Emeritus of Epidemiology, Yale University

624. Lisa S. Meredith, Senior Behavioral Scientist, RAND, Professor, Pardee RAND Graduate School

625. Shanaé Burch, Ed.M, Doctoral Student in the Department of Health & Behavior Studies, Teachers

College at Columbia University

626. Niema Moshiri, Assistant Teaching Professor in the Computer Science & Engineering Department at

the University of California, San Diego

627. Stanley H. Weiss, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Professor of

Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health; Past Chair of the APHA Epidemiology Section

628. Scott Heysell, Associate Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, Pinn

Scholar, University of Virginia

629. Angelica Saada, Physician at NY Presbyterian-Columbia University

630. Annette M. Totten, Assoc. Prof., Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science Univ.

631. Rose McDermott, David and Marianna Fisher University Professor of Political Science, Brown

University

632. Zhiyong Zhao, Associate Professor, University of Maryland School of Medicine

633. Nancy López, Sociologist, Albuquerque, NM

634. Maurizio Zanetti, Professor of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego

635. Francesca Torriani, Chair of the Infectious Diseases Association of California (IDAC), Program

Director of UC San Diego Health’s Infection Prevention and Clinical Epidemiology and TB Control

Units, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University

of California, San Diego

636. Sanford J. Shattil, Distinguished Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

637. John Giles, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg

School of Public Health

638. Madelynn von Baeyer, Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University Herbaria

639. Anthony Jerant, Professor and Chair Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of

Medicine, University of California, Davis

640. Jeanette Kowalik, Commissioner of Health, Milwaukee, WI

641. Peter F. Wright, Professor of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth

642. Wm. Christopher Mathews, Professor Emeritus of Clinical Medicine Director, UCSD CFAR Clinical

Core

643. Stephen Bezruchka, Departments of Health Services & Global Health, School of Public Health,

University of Washington

644. Hendry Ton, Associate Vice Chancellor for Health Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion, Clinical Professor

of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis Health

645. Jessica Prince-Guerra, Postdoctoral Fellow, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of

Public Health, Emory University

646. Emily Mendenhall, Provost’s Distinguished Associate Professor, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign

Service, Georgetown University

647. Michael B.A. Oldstone, Professor Emeritus, Former ead Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, The

Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute

648. Amie Thurber, Assistant Professor, School of Social Work, Portland State University

649. Peter J. Krause, Senior Research Scientist, Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine

650. Randy Taplitz, Professor of Clinical Medicine; Vice Chief of Clinical Affairs Infectious Diseases;

Associate Hospital Epidemiologist; Lead, Hematology-Oncology ID Services, University of

California, San Diego, Moore’s UCSD Cancer Center

651. Laura Mosqueda, Dean, Keck School of Medicine of USC

652. Yue Zhang, Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal

Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine

653. Diana L. Miglioretti, Professor and Division Chief of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health

Sciences, University of California, Davis

654. Frederick M. Burkle, Jr., Professor (Ret.), Senior Fellow & Scientist Harvard Humanitarian Initiative,

Harvard University & T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Senior International Public Policy Scholar,

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; Institute of Medicine, National Academy of

Sciences (elected 2007)

655. Jaclyn Portanova, Post-doctoral fellow, Yale University

656. Melinda L. Irwin, Professor of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Associate Dean of Research, Yale

School of Public Health

657. Jessica Goodkind, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico

658. Rebecca Fielding-Miller, Assistant Professor Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health,

School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

659. James H. Fowler, Professor of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego

660. Constance A. Benson, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease & Global Public Health,

University of California, San Diego

661. Maria E. Sundaram, Postdoctoral Fellow, Vaccinology Training Program, Emory University Rollins

School of Public Health

662. Sharon Talboys, Assistant Professor, Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive

Medicine, University of Utah Health

663. Tobias Brett, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases,

University of Georgia

664. Martin T. Stein, Professor of Pediatrics Emeritus, University of California, San Diego

665. Brent Luu, Assistant Clinical Professor, Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of

California, Davis

666. Leigh Senderowicz, Health Disparities Research Scholar, Univeristy of Wisconin-Madison

667. Ruben Vega Perez, MD Student, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

668. Mary Anne Mercer, Senior Lecturer Emerita, School of Public Health, University of Washington

669. Richard L. Gallo, Distinguished Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of California, San

Diego

670. Philippe Goldin, Associate Professor and Director of Clinically Applied Affective Neuroscience

Laboratory, University of California, Davis

671. Annette Dekker, Chief Resident, Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine

672. Claire Amabile, Researcher, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles

673. Malcolm V. Williams, Senior Policy Researcher, RAND Corporation

674. Helen Baker, Global and Community Engagement Coordinator/Assistant Clinical Professor, Lillian

Carter Center for Global Health and Social Responsibility, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing,

Emory University

675. Maureen Canavan, Associate Research Scientist, Yale Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy and

Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, Yale School of Medicine

676. Rui Jiang, Resident Physician, The Mount Sinai Hospital

677. Richard L. Hauger, Professor, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

678. Seth Blumberg, Clinical Instructor / Postdoc, Proctor Foundation, University of California, San

Francisco

679. Eyal Oren, Associate Professor, Epidemiology & Biostatistics School of Public Health, San Diego

State University

680. Martin Hoenigl, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public

Health, University of California, San Diego

681. Duncan Maru, Senior Faculty, Arnhold Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

682. Winn Periyasamy, Student, Fordham Law School and Alumni, Columbia Mailman School of Public

Health

683. Daliah Heller, Director of Drug Use Initiatives, Vital Strategies

684. Katherine Schaff, Doctor of Public Health, UC Berkeley

685. Armin Nowroozpoor, Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of

Medicine

686. Michelle Seage, PhD Student, Public Health University of Utah

687. Patrick Sullivan, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine (Clinical), Warren Alpert School of

Medicine, Brown University

688. Debbie Humphries, Clinical Instructor of Public Health Practice, Department of Epidemiology of

Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health

689. Beth A. Jones, Research Scientist & Lecturer, Associate Director of Engagement, Center for

Community Engagement and Health Equity, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Public Health

690. Christopher V. Plowe, Professor of Medicine, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, and Global Health

Director, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University

691. David Looney, Associate Professor in Residence, University of California, San Diego

692. Hemanth Gundavaram, Clinical Professor of Law, Northeastern University School of Law

693. Joshua Barocas, Assistant Professor of Medicine at Boston Medical Center

694. Kristin Madison, Professor of Law and Health Sciences

695. Louis R. Petrone, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine,

Sidney Kimmel Medical College

696. Sara Marquis, Lead Research Coordinator, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center

697. Mahalia S. Desruisseaux, Associate Professor of Internal Medicine at Yale School of Medicine

698. Cindy Sousa, Associate Professor, Bryn Mawr College Graduate School of Social Work and Social

Research

699. Melissa Mcgovern Prather, Researcher

700. James A Hay, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

701. Dalton Price, Student in Cornell University’s Department of Anthropology

702. Spshelle Faith Rutledge, Outreach Coordinator Jewish Family Service

703. Ricardo A Franco, Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham

704. Irene Yang, Assistant Professor, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University

705. Lucy E Wilson, Professor of Emergency Health Services at University of Maryland Baltimore County

706. Judith N Wasserheit, Chair & Professor of Global Health; Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology,

University of Washington

707. June L. Gin, Researcher

708. Louise Vincent, Executive Director, NC Survivors Union

709. Vlada Melekhin Infectious Disease physician

710. Shannon Mace, Director of Operations, Health, Education and Legal Assistance Project: A

Medical-Legal Partnership

711. Rory Merritt, Assistant Dean of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Assistant

Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine of Brown University

712. Mari Armstrong-Hough, Assistant Professor of Public Health, NYU School of Global Public Health

713. Laila Woc-Colburn, Associate Professor Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine

714. Carole Mitnick, Associate Professor of Global Health & Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School

715. Marina Antillon, Post-doctoral Research Collaborator, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute

716. Salmaan Keshavjee, Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School

717. Molly Frankem, Associate Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School

718. Megan B. Murray, Professor of Global Health at Harvard Medical School

719. Joia Mukherjee, Chief Medical Officer, Partners In Health Assoc Prof Harvard Medical School

720. Amy Hagopian, Professor, School of Public Health, University of Washington

721. Brook K. Baker, Professor of Law at Northeastern U. School of Law

722. Mariya Masyukova, Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Social Medicine, Montefiore

Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine

723. Mark A Strand, Professor at North Dakota State University

724. Hani Mowafi, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Yale Medical School

725. Julius-Patrice Johnson, MPH Candidate, American Indian Public Health Specialization, North Dakota

State University

726. Michelle Hoffman, Pediatric Infectious Diseases physician at Golisano Children’s Hospital of

Southwest Florida

727. Chris Merritt, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine & Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of

Brown University

728. Deborah Houston-Schrenzel, Horsham, PA

729. Kelsie Cassell, PhD Student, Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health

730. Stephen Eubank, Professor, Biocomplexity Institute & Initiative, University of Virginia; Professor,

Dept. of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia

731. Dorit Reiss , Professor of Law, UC Hastings College of the Law

732. Richard Weinmeyer, Doctoral student, Northwestern University

733. Angelle Desiree LaBeaud, Professor of Pediatrics at Stanford School of Medicine

734. Rahnea Sunseri, Medical Director, Founding Faculty of Physician Assistant Department, University of

the Pacific

735. Hannah L. Stewart, Executive Committee Delegate from the United States, Global Mental Health Peer

Network

736. Carleigh Krubiner, Policy Fellow, Center for Global Development; Associate Faculty, Johns Hopkins

Berman Institute of Bioethics

737. Taleed El-Sabawi, Assistant Professor of Law at Elon University

738. Samuel Bagenstos, Frank G. Millard Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School

739. David Bray, Director, For a New Global Center, Atlantic Council

740. Ruth A. Karron, Professor, Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

Health

741. Lloyd F. Novick, Professor Emeritus of Public Health, East Carolina University

742. Julie R. Hens, Research Associate Scientist at Yale Medical School

743. Lisa Penney, Professor of Management at University of South Florida

744. TerL Gleason, Executive Director, Advocacy House

745. Julie Allison Spencer, Graduate Research Assistant, Los Alamos National Laboratory

746. Mark Vossler, President, Washington Physicians for Social Responsibility

747. Ryan F. Coughlin, Assistant Professor, Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine

748. Jason R. Singson, MPH Student, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California,

Davis

749. Donna E. Levin, National Director, Network for Public Health Law

750. Bruce Jacoby, Associate Clinical Professor, Northeastern University School of Law

751. Diego Rivera, Masters of Public Health Sciences Graduate Student at UC Davis

752. Ruthie Birger, Postdoctoral Associate at Yale School of Public Health

753. Gail D’Onofrio, Professor and Chair Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine

754. Aly Peeler, Advocacy Coordinator at North Carolina Survivors Union

755. Cassandra Fecho, Research Associate, University of California San Francisco; Master’s student, School

of Public Health Sciences at University of California Davis

756. Caryl Eleanor Waggett, Associate Professor, Global Health Studies at Allegheny College

757. Sarah Boyles-Muehleck, MPH Student

758. Kashti Nayem, MPH student, UC Davis

759. Amelia Alim, Student, Diamond Bar High School

760. Jean Scofi, Assistant Medical Director, Yale New Haven Hospital

761. Tahmina Nasserie, Epidemiology PhD Student, Stanford University School of Medicine

762. Michal Caspi Tal, Instructor, Stanford University, School of Medicine

763. Jessica Huang, Doctoral Candidate, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

764. Andrew Clayton Saunders, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at Stanford University School of Medicine

765. Jaspreet Pannu, Medical Student, Stanford School of Medicine

766. Thomas G Weiser, Associate Professor of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine

767. Lesley King, Board of Directors, Partners In Health

768. Brenda J Buck, Professor of Medical Geology, University of Nevada Las Vegas

769. Karl Klare, Professor of Law, Northeastern University

770. Mary Ellen Lyon Clinical, Instructor of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine

771. Rachel Buquid, Student, Cal State Fullerton

772. Rachael Cohen, Student, Global Health Studies Department at Allegheny College

773. Alberto Diaz-Cayeros, Senior Fellow, FSI, Stanford University

774. Eleanor A Reid, Assistant Professor, Emergency Medicine, Division of Global Health and

International Emergency Medicine, Yale Medical School

775. Caty Simon, Member, Leadership Team, Urban Survivors Union

776. Dinah Ortiz, Member, Leadership Team, Urban Survivors Union

777. Mark Kinzly, Member, Leadership Team, Urban Survivors Union

778. Aaron Fergeson, Member, Leadership Team, Urban Survivors Union

779. Robert Suarez, Member, Leadership Team, Urban Survivors Union

780. Shilo Jama, Member, Leadership Team, Urban Survivors Union

781. Steven L. Bernstein, Professor of Emergency Medicine and Public Health at Yale School of Medicine

782. Dr. Carrie Lawrence, Assistant Research Scientist at IU School of Public Health

783. Tammy Law, Assistant, CAA

784. Donna E Levin, National Director, for the Staff at the Network for Public Health Law

785. Jennifer A. Newberry, Clinical Assistant Professor at Stanford University School of Medicine

786. Jessica Yager, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, SUNY Downstate

Medical Center

787. Michele Barry, Dean of Global Health, Stanford University

788. Raffi Avedian, Associate Professor Stanford University Medical School.

789. Rebecca Scarbrough, Coordinator of Therapeutic Education, Public Health

790. Amy Krystosik, Data Scientist, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative

791. Meng-Huang Wu, Global Faculty in Training, Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University

792. Maimuna S. Majumder, Faculty, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School

793. Isaac K. Agboola, Emergency Medicine Resident Physician, Yale University

794. Zhe Zheng, PhD student, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public

Health

795. Senica Marie Camello, Masters Student, Occupational Therapy, Loma Linda University

796. Dorothy Baker, Senior Research Scientist Yale School of Medicine

Organizational Signatures

797. Broken No More

798. Amnesty International USA

799. The Public Health Advocacy Institute

800. Big Cities Health Coalition

801. Prevention Point Pittsburgh

802. Any Positive Change

803. EcoHealth Alliance

804. Children’s Aid

805. American Public Health Association (APHA)

806. The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security

807. The Mountain Center in New Mexico

808. Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights

809. The National Health Law Program

810. Collaborative for Health Equity Cook County, Chicago, Illinois

811. Tufts Public Health Society

812. Chicago Recovery Alliance

813. New Jersey Public Health Association

814. Human Impact Partners

815. Washington Physicians for Social Responsibility